Learn English in 20 Days
20 ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯಿರಿ
A complete bilingual guide — Grammar & Spoken English Practice, with every concept in English and Kannada.
ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ & ಸ್ಪೋಕನ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ — ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಪಾಠವೂ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಮತ್ತು ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ.
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Part 1 · Basics
Lesson 1
Alphabets & Word Structure
ಮೂಲಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು & ಶಬ್ದಗಳ ರಚನೆ
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet.
ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟು 26 ಮೂಲಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು ಇವೆ.
A) Capital Letters
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
B) Small Letters
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
VOWELS — 5: A, E, I, O, U
ಸ್ವರಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು — 5: A, E, I, O, U
CONSONANTS — 21: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
ವ್ಯಂಜನಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು — 21: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
Pronunciation of Alphabets — ಮೂಲಾಕ್ಷರಗಳ ಉಚ್ಚಾರಣೆ
| Letter | Sound | Kannada | Letter | Sound | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A – a | ಅ, ಆ | ಅ/ಆ | N – n | ನ್, ಣ್ | ನ, ಣ |
| B – b | ಬ್, ಭ್ | ಬ, ಭ | O – o | ಒ, ಓ | ಒ, ಓ |
| C – c | ಕ್, ಸ್ | ಕ, ಸ | P – p | ಪ್, ಫ್ | ಪ, ಫ |
| D – d | ಡ್, ಢ್ | ಡ, ಢ | Q – q | ಕ್ವ್ | ಕ್ವ |
| E – e | ಎ, ಏ | ಎ, ಏ | R – r | ರ್ | ರ |
| F – f | ಫ್ | ಫ | S – s | ಸ್, ಶ್ | ಸ, ಶ |
| G – g | ಗ್, ಜ್ | ಗ, ಜ | T – t | ಟ್, ತ್ | ಟ, ತ |
| H – h | ಹ್ | ಹ | U – u | ಉ, ಊ | ಉ, ಊ |
| I – i | ಇ, ಈ | ಇ, ಈ | V – v | ವ್ | ವ |
| J – j | ಜ್ | ಜ | W – w | ವ್ | ವ |
| K – k | ಕ್ | ಕ | X – x | ಕ್ಸ್ | ಕ್ಸ |
| L – l | ಲ್ | ಲ | Y – y | ಯ್ | ಯ |
| M – m | ಮ್ | ಮ | Z – z | ಜ್, ಝ್ | ಜ, ಝ |
Kannada – English Words — ಕನ್ನಡದಿಂದ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಪದಗಳು
| Kannada | English | Kannada | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ಕಮಲ | Kamala | ರವಿ | Ravi |
| ರಗ | Raga | ಮನೆ | Mane |
| ಮರ | Mara | ದಾರಿ | Dari |
| ಧನ | Dhana | ಮುಗಿಲು | Mugilu |
| ಜಯ | Jaya | ರಾಣೋಜಿ | Ranoji |
| ಫಲ | Phala | ಸುಭಾಷ | Subhash |
| ಖಡಗ | Khadaga | ಹೆಸರು | Hesaru |
| ರವ | Rava / Rawa | ಮಗು | Magu |
| ಮಗ | Maga | ಬಿಜಾಪುರ | Bijapur |
| ರಜ | Raja | ಜೈಭೀಮ | Jaibheem |
| ರಥ | Ratha | ಗೌರಿ | Gauri |
| ಸಚಿನ | Sachin | ರಮೇಶ | Ramesh |
| ಅಶೋಕ | Ashok | ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು | Tamilunadu |
Compound Letters — ಒತ್ತಕ್ಷರಗಳ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು
| Kannada | English | Kannada | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ಕ್ರಮ | Krama | ಪ್ರಕಾಶ | Prakash |
| ದ್ರವ | Drava | ಬಿದರ | Bidar |
| ದ್ರಾವಿಡ | Draviḍa | ಚಿತ್ರ | Chitra |
| ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ | Pakistan | ಕಲ್ಯಾಣಿ | Kalyani |
| ಬುದ್ಧ | Buddha | ಮಲ್ಲಪ್ಪ | Mallappa |
| ಪ್ರೀತಿ | Preeti | ಪ್ರೇಮ | Prema |
| ವಿಷ್ಣು | Vishnu | ಸಿದ್ದಪ್ಪ | Siddappa |
| ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ | Maharashtra | ಧರ್ಮರಾಜ | Dharmaraj |
| ಕರ್ಣ | Karna | ಅರ್ಜುನ | Arjun |
| ವಿಷ್ಣು-ವರ್ಧನ | Vishnu-Vardhan | ಮೌರ್ಯ | Maurya |
| ಆರ್ಯ | Arya | ಸೂರ್ಯ | Soorya |
R – ರ್: When writing the letter R in the middle or end of a word, it is written as ರ್.
ಪದದ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ R ಅಕ್ಷರವನ್ನು ರ್ ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು.
Lesson 2
Articles
ಉಪಪದಗಳು
Articles are demonstrative adjectives. In English, articles are used to point to a particular thing. But in Kannada we do not use articles.
ಉಪಪದಗಳೆಂದರೆ — "ದರ್ಶಕ ವಿಶೇಷಣಗಳು". ಯಾವುದೇ ಒಂದು ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸಬೇಕಾದರೆ ಉಪಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಹಚ್ಚುವ ರೂಢಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಇದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನಾವು ಉಪಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಹಚ್ಚುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
There are two types of articles in English.
ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಉಪಪದಗಳುಂಟು.
1. Indefinite Articles — ಅನಿಶ್ಚಿತ ಉಪಪದ (A, An)
Use An before words beginning with a vowel sound (A, E, I, O, U).
ಸ್ವರದಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವ ಶಬ್ದಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ An ಉಪಪದವನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಬೇಕು.
- An Elephant — ಒಂದು ಆನೆ
- An Hour — ಒಂದು ಘಂಟೆ
- An Orange — ಒಂದು ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ ಹಣ್ಣು
Use A before words beginning with a consonant sound (B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z).
ವ್ಯಂಜನ ಅಕ್ಷರದಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವ ಶಬ್ದಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ A ಉಪಪದವನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಬೇಕು.
- A Cat — ಒಂದು ಬೆಕ್ಕು
- A Car — ಒಂದು ಕಾರು
- A Boy — ಒಬ್ಬ ಹುಡುಗ
- A Village — ಒಂದು ಊರು
2. Definite Article — ನಿಶ್ಚಿತ ಉಪಪದ (The)
When we speak about a particular person or a particular thing, or refer to a specific person or thing a second time, we use The.
ಯಾವುದೇ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ವಿಶೇಷ ವಸ್ತುವಿನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹೇಳುವಾಗ ಅಥವಾ ಅದರ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ವಸ್ತುವಿನ ವಿಷಯವಾಗಿ ಮರು-ನಿರ್ದೇಶ ಮಾಡುವಾಗ The ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
- The Earth — ಭೂಮಿ
- The Sky — ಆಕಾಶ
- The Ocean — ಸಾಗರ
- The Weather — ಹವಾಮಾನ
- The Moon — ಚಂದ್ರ
- The Sun — ಸೂರ್ಯ
Demonstrative Pronouns — ದರ್ಶಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು
| Word | Use | Kannada | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| This | Near objectsಹತ್ತಿರದ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಿಗೆ | ಇದು | This boy — ಈ ಹುಡುಗ · This car — ಈ ಕಾರು |
| That | Far objectsದೂರದ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಿಗೆ | ಅದು | That boy — ಆ ಹುಡುಗ · That car — ಆ ಕಾರು |
Lesson 3
Number
ವಚನ
Words that indicate whether something is one or more than one are called Numbers.
ಯಾವುದೇ ವಸ್ತು, ಪ್ರಾಣಿ, ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಮೊದಲಾದವುಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಅಥವಾ ಒಂದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಿಗೆ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣಕಾರರು ವಚನಗಳು ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುವರು.
Singular: Indicates one person or one thing.
ಏಕವಚನ: ಒಂದು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಒಂದು ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಿಗೆ ಏಕವಚನ ಎನ್ನುವರು.
- Book — ಪುಸ್ತಕ
- Animal — ಪ್ರಾಣಿ
Plural: Indicates more than one person or thing.
ಬಹುವಚನ: ಒಂದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನಾಗಲಿ, ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನಾಗಲಿ ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಹುವಚನಗಳು ಎನ್ನುವರು.
- Books — ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು
- Animals — ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು
- Boys — ಹುಡುಗರು
Rules for Making Plurals
Rule 1: Add ‘S’ to a singular word to make it plural.
ಏಕವಚನದ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಿಗೆ "S" ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯವನ್ನು ಹಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಬಹುವಚನಗಳಾಗುವುವು.
| Singular | Plural | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Cow | Cows | ಆಕಳು → ಆಕಳುಗಳು |
| Book | Books | ಪುಸ್ತಕ → ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು |
| Dog | Dogs | ನಾಯಿ → ನಾಯಿಗಳು |
| Tree | Trees | ಗಿಡ → ಗಿಡಗಳು |
| Girl | Girls | ಹುಡುಗಿ → ಹುಡುಗಿಯರು |
Rule 2: If the word ends with s, sh, x, or o, add ‘es’.
ಶಬ್ದದ ಕೊನೆಗೆ s, sh, x, o ಬಂದರೆ ಆ ಶಬ್ದದ ಮುಂದೆ ‘es’ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ.
| Singular | Plural | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Class | Classes | ವರ್ಗ → ವರ್ಗಗಳು |
| Kiss | Kisses | ಮುತ್ತು → ಮುತ್ತುಗಳು |
| Fish | Fishes | ಮೀನು → ಮೀನುಗಳು |
| Match | Matches | ಪಂದ್ಯ → ಪಂದ್ಯಗಳು |
| Fox | Foxes | ನರಿ → ನರಿಗಳು |
| Mango | Mangoes | ಮಾವಿನ ಹಣ್ಣು → ಮಾವಿನ ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳು |
Rule 3: Some words ending in ‘o’ take only ‘s’.
ಕೆಲವು ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಕೊನೆಗೆ o ದ ಮುಂದೆ ಕೇವಲ ‘s’ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ ಬರುವುದು.
- Piano → Pianos — ರಾಗದ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ → ರಾಗದ ಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಗಳು
- Dynamo → Dynamos — ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಯಂತ್ರ → ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಯಂತ್ರಗಳು
Rule 4: If a word ends with f or fe, add ‘ves’.
ಶಬ್ಬಗಳಿಗೆ f ಹಾಗೂ fe ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಬಂದಾಗ, ಮುಂದೆ ‘ves’ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ ಹಚ್ಚುವದರಿಂದ ಬಹುವಚನವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
- Leaf → Leaves — ಎಲೆ → ಎಲೆಗಳು
- Thief → Thieves — ಕಳ್ಳ → ಕಳ್ಳರು
Exception: Hoof → Hoofs (not Hooves)
ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದೆರಡು ಅಪವಾದಗಳು ಇವೆ.
Rule 5: If a word ends with ‘y’, change y to ‘ies’.
ಏಕವಚನದ ಶಬ್ದದ ಕೊನೆಗೆ y ಎಂಬ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ, ಬಹುವಚನದಲ್ಲಿ y ದ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ‘ies’ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ ಬರುವುದು.
- City → Cities — ಪಟ್ಟಣ → ಪಟ್ಟಣಗಳು
- Essay → Essays — ಪ್ರಬಂಧ → ಪ್ರಬಂಧಗಳು
Rule 6: Some nouns become plural irregularly.
ಅನಿಯಮಿತವಾಗಿ ಕೆಲವು ನಾಮಪದಗಳು ಬಹುವಚನಗಳಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
- Foot → Feet — ಪಾದ → ಪಾದಗಳು
- Man → Men — ಮನುಷ್ಯ → ಮನುಷ್ಯರು
Rule 7: Add ‘en’ to some nouns.
ಶಬ್ದದ ಕೊನೆಗೆ en ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ ಜೋಡಿಸುವದರಿಂದ ಕೆಲವು ನಾಮಪದಗಳು ಬಹುವಚನಗಳಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
- Child → Children — ಕೂಸು → ಕೂಸುಗಳು
- Ox → Oxen — ಎತ್ತು → ಎತ್ತುಗಳು
Rule 8: Some words are always plural.
ಕೆಲವು ಶಬ್ದಗಳು ಏಕವಚನವಿದ್ದು, ಬಹುವಚನಗಳಂತೆ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವವು.
- News — ಸುದ್ದಿ
- Physics — ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
- Politics — ರಾಜಕಾರಣ
- Measles — ಗೊಬ್ಬರ
- Mathematics — ಗಣಿತ
Rule 9: Compound nouns take ‘S’ at the end or on the main word.
ಎರಡು-ಮೂರು ಶಬ್ದಗಳು ಕೂಡಿದಂತೆ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ನಾಮಗಳ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಶಬ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ‘S’ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ ಜೋಡಿಸುವದರಿಂದ ಬಹುವಚನಗಳಾಗುವವು.
| Singular | Plural | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Maid servant | Maid servants | ಸೇವಕಿ → ಸೇವಕಿಯರು |
| Step brother | Step brothers | ಮಲ ತಮ್ಮ → ಮಲ ತಮ್ಮಂದಿರು |
| Father-in-law | Fathers-in-law | ಮಾವ → ಮಾವಂದಿರು |
| Son-in-law | Sons-in-law | ಅಳಿಯ → ಅಳಿಯಂದಿರು |
| Daughter-in-law | Daughters-in-law | ಸೊಸೆ → ಸೊಸೆಯಂದಿರು |
Lesson 4
Genders
ಲಿಂಗಗಳು
In all living beings, there are mainly two divisions — female and male. In grammar, genders are called by four names in English.
ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಜೀವಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಸ್ತ್ರೀ, ಪುರುಷ ಎಂಬ ಎರಡು ಭೇದಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ವ್ಯಾಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವುಗಳಿಗೆ ಲಿಂಗಗಳು ಎನ್ನುವರು. ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಲಿಂಗಗಳಿವೆ.
| # | Gender | Kannada | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Masculine Gender | ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ | Boy, Lion, Man |
| 2 | Feminine Gender | ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ | Girl, Mother, Wife |
| 3 | Neuter Gender | ನಪುಂಸಕ ಲಿಂಗ | Pen, Wood, Tree |
| 4 | Common Gender | ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಲಿಂಗ | Doctor, Friend, Minister |
1. Masculine Gender — ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ
Words that indicate the male sex are called Masculine Gender.
ಪುರುಷ ಅಥವಾ ಗಂಡ ಜಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ ಪದಗಳೆನ್ನುವರು.
- Boy — ಹುಡುಗ
- Lion — ಸಿಂಹ
- Man — ಮನುಷ್ಯ
2. Feminine Gender — ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ
Words that indicate the female sex are called Feminine Gender.
ಸ್ತ್ರೀ ಅಥವಾ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಜಾತಿಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ ಪದಗಳೆನ್ನುವರು.
- Girl — ಹುಡುಗಿ
- Mother — ತಾಯಿ
- Wife — ಹೆಂಡತಿ
3. Neuter Gender — ನಪುಂಸಕ ಲಿಂಗ
Words that show neither male nor female are called Neuter Gender.
ನಿರ್ಜೀವ ಜಾತಿಯ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ನಪುಂಸಕ ಲಿಂಗದ ಪದಗಳೆನ್ನುವರು.
- Pen — ಪೆನ್
- Wood — ಕಟ್ಟಿಗೆ
- Tree — ಗಿಡ
4. Common Gender — ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಲಿಂಗ
Some words do not specifically indicate male or female — they can be either. Such words are called Common Gender.
ಕೆಲವೊಂದು ಪದಗಳಿಂದ ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ ಅಥವಾ ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಲು ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಅಂದರೆ ಅವು ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗವೂ ಇರಬಹುದು ಅಥವಾ ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗವೂ ಇರಬಹುದು. ಅಂತಹ ಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಲಿಂಗಗಳೆನ್ನುವರು.
- Doctor — ವೈದ್ಯ
- Friend — ಗೆಳೆಯ
- Minister — ಮಂತ್ರಿ
Some masculine words take the suffix ‘ess’ to become feminine.
ಕೆಲವು ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ ಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ess ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯವನ್ನು ಹಚ್ಚಿದರೆ ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ ರೂಪಗಳಾಗುವವು.
| Masculine | Feminine | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Actor | Actress | ನಟ → ನಟಿ |
| Prince | Princess | ರಾಜಕುಮಾರ → ರಾಜಕುಮಾರಿ |
| Poet | Poetess | ಕವಿ → ಕವಯಿತ್ರಿ |
| Tiger | Tigress | ಹುಲಿ → ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹುಲಿ |
| Lion | Lioness | ಸಿಂಹ → ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಸಿಂಹ |
| Teacher | Teacheress | ಶಿಕ್ಷಕ → ಶಿಕ್ಷಕಿ |
Some words take ‘ine’ or ‘a’ to become feminine.
ಕೆಲವು ಶಬ್ದಗಳಿಗೆ ine ಮತ್ತು a ಹತ್ತಿ ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗಗಳಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
- Hero → Heroine — ನಾಯಕ → ನಾಯಕಿ
- Sultan → Sultana — ಬಾದಶಹ → ಬಾದಶಹನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ
Some nouns take he/she or man/woman before or after.
ಕೆಲವು ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಮುಂದೆ ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ ವಾಚಕ ಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಇಡುವದರಿಂದ ಅಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗಗಳಾಗುವವು.
| Masculine | Feminine | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| He goat | She goat | ಹೋತ → ಆಡು / ಮೇಕೆ |
| He buffalo | She buffalo | ಕೋಣ → ಎಮ್ಮೆ |
| He bear | She bear | ಕರಡಿ → ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಕರಡಿ |
| Washer-man | Washer-woman | ಅಗಸ → ಅಗಸನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ |
| Grand Father | Grand Mother | ಅಜ್ಜ → ಅಜ್ಜಿ |
| Land-lord | Land-lady | ಹೊಲದೊಡೆಯ → ಹೊಲದೊಡತಿ |
| Masculine | Feminine | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Man | Woman | ಮನುಷ್ಯ / ಪುರುಷ → ಸ್ತ್ರೀ / ಮಹಿಳೆ |
| Boy | Girl | ಹುಡುಗ → ಹುಡುಗಿ |
| Father | Mother | ತಂದೆ → ತಾಯಿ |
| Son | Daughter | ಮಗ → ಮಗಳು |
| Cock | Hen | ಹುಂಜ → ಕೋಳಿ |
| Husband | Wife | ಗಂಡ → ಹೆಂಡತಿ |
| Uncle | Aunt | ಚಿಕ್ಕಪ್ಪ / ದೊಡ್ಡಪ್ಪ → ಚಿಕ್ಕಮ್ಮ / ದೊಡ್ಡಮ್ಮ |
| King | Queen | ರಾಜ → ರಾಣಿ |
| Sir | Madam | ಯಜಮಾನ → ಯಜಮಾನತಿ |
| Gentleman | Lady | ಸಜ್ಜನ → ಸಜ್ಜನೆ |
| Brother | Sister | ಅಣ್ಣ / ತಮ್ಮ → ಅಕ್ಕ / ತಂಗಿ |
| Hero | Heroine | ನಾಯಕ → ನಾಯಕಿ |
Common Gender Words
- People — ಜನರು
- Child — ಕೂಸು
- Parents — ತಂದೆ-ತಾಯಿ
- Persons — ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು
Lesson 5
Numbers Counting
ಅಂಕಿ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗಳು
The following numbers should be read and written in English.
ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಅಂಕಿಗಳು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಓದುವುದನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಬರೆಯುವುದನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಓದಿ ಮತ್ತು ಬರೆಯುವುದನ್ನು ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ ಮಾಡಿ.
| No. | English | No. | English | No. | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | One | 41 | Forty one | 81 | Eighty one |
| 2 | Two | 42 | Forty two | 82 | Eighty two |
| 3 | Three | 43 | Forty three | 83 | Eighty three |
| 4 | Four | 44 | Forty four | 84 | Eighty four |
| 5 | Five | 45 | Forty five | 85 | Eighty five |
| 6 | Six | 46 | Forty six | 86 | Eighty six |
| 7 | Seven | 47 | Forty seven | 87 | Eighty seven |
| 8 | Eight | 48 | Forty eight | 88 | Eighty eight |
| 9 | Nine | 49 | Forty nine | 89 | Eighty nine |
| 10 | Ten | 50 | Fifty | 90 | Ninety |
| 11 | Eleven | 51 | Fifty one | 91 | Ninety one |
| 12 | Twelve | 52 | Fifty two | 92 | Ninety two |
| 13 | Thirteen | 53 | Fifty three | 93 | Ninety three |
| 14 | Fourteen | 54 | Fifty four | 94 | Ninety four |
| 15 | Fifteen | 55 | Fifty five | 95 | Ninety five |
| 16 | Sixteen | 56 | Fifty six | 96 | Ninety six |
| 17 | Seventeen | 57 | Fifty seven | 97 | Ninety seven |
| 18 | Eighteen | 58 | Fifty eight | 98 | Ninety eight |
| 19 | Nineteen | 59 | Fifty nine | 99 | Ninety nine |
| 20 | Twenty | 60 | Sixty | 100 | Hundred |
| 21 | Twenty one | 61 | Sixty one | 101 | Hundred and one |
| 22 | Twenty two | 62 | Sixty two | 102 | Hundred and two |
| 23 | Twenty three | 63 | Sixty three | 103 | Hundred and three |
| 24 | Twenty four | 64 | Sixty four | 104 | Hundred and four |
| 25 | Twenty five | 65 | Sixty five | 105 | Hundred and five |
| 26 | Twenty six | 66 | Sixty six | 106 | Hundred and six |
| 27 | Twenty seven | 67 | Sixty seven | 107 | Hundred and seven |
| 28 | Twenty eight | 68 | Sixty eight | 108 | Hundred and eight |
| 29 | Twenty nine | 69 | Sixty nine | 109 | Hundred and nine |
| 30 | Thirty | 70 | Seventy | 110 | Hundred and ten |
| 31 | Thirty one | 71 | Seventy one | 111 | Hundred and eleven |
| 32 | Thirty two | 72 | Seventy two | 112 | Hundred and twelve |
| 33 | Thirty three | 73 | Seventy three | 113 | Hundred and thirteen |
| 34 | Thirty four | 74 | Seventy four | 114 | Hundred and fourteen |
| 35 | Thirty five | 75 | Seventy five | 115 | Hundred and fifteen |
| 36 | Thirty six | 76 | Seventy six | 116 | Hundred and sixteen |
| 37 | Thirty seven | 77 | Seventy seven | 117 | Hundred and seventeen |
| 38 | Thirty eight | 78 | Seventy eight | 118 | Hundred and eighteen |
| 39 | Thirty nine | 79 | Seventy nine | 119 | Hundred and nineteen |
| 40 | Forty | 80 | Eighty | 120 | Hundred and twenty |
For numbers above 100, use the word “and” between hundred and the rest.
ನೂರರ ಮೇಲಿನ ಅಂಕಿ-ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗಳು ಓದುವಾಗ ಮತ್ತು ಬರೆಯುವಾಗ and ಪದವನ್ನು ಹಚ್ಚುವ ಪದ್ಧತಿಯುಂಟು.
- 170 — One Hundred and Seventy
- 280 — Two Hundred and Eighty
- 340 — Three Hundred and Forty
Large Numbers
| Number | English | Short Form |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Zero | — |
| 1 | One | — |
| 10 | Ten | — |
| 100 | Hundred | — |
| 1,000 | Thousand | 1 K |
| 10,000 | Ten Thousand | 10 K |
| 1,00,000 | One Lakh | 100 K |
| 10,00,000 | Ten Lakh or One Million | 1 M |
| 1,00,00,000 | One Crore or Ten Million | 10 M |
| 10,00,00,000 | Ten Crore (1000 lakhs or 100 million) | 100 M |
| 1,000,000,000 | One Hundred Crore or One Billion | 1 B |
| 10,000,000,000 | Ten Thousand Crore or 10 Billion | 10 B |
| 100,000,000,000 | Ten Thousand Crore or 100 Billion | 100 B |
| 1,000,000,000,000 | One Lakh Crore or 1 Trillion | 1 T |
Numbers in Series — ಕ್ರಮವಾಚಕ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗಳು
| Kannada | English | Short | Kannada | English | Short |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ಒಂದನೆಯ | First | 1st | ಹನ್ನೊಂದನೆಯ | Eleventh | 11th |
| ಎರಡನೆಯ | Second | 2nd | ಹನ್ನೆರಡನೆಯ | Twelfth | 12th |
| ಮೂರನೆಯ | Third | 3rd | ಹದಿಮೂರನೆಯ | Thirteenth | 13th |
| ನಾಲ್ಕನೆಯ | Fourth | 4th | ಹದಿನಾಲ್ಕನೆಯ | Fourteenth | 14th |
| ಐದನೆಯ | Fifth | 5th | ಹದಿನೈದನೆಯ | Fifteenth | 15th |
| ಆರನೆಯ | Sixth | 6th | ಹದಿನಾರನೆಯ | Sixteenth | 16th |
| ಏಳನೆಯ | Seventh | 7th | ಹದಿನೇಳನೆಯ | Seventeenth | 17th |
| ಎಂಟನೆಯ | Eighth | 8th | ಹದಿನೆಂಟನೆಯ | Eighteenth | 18th |
| ಒಂಬತ್ತನೆಯ | Ninth | 9th | ಹತ್ತೊಂಬತ್ತನೆಯ | Nineteenth | 19th |
| ಹತ್ತನೆಯ | Tenth | 10th | ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತನೆಯ | Twentieth | 20th |
Roman Figures — ರೋಮನ್ ಅಂಕಿಗಳು
| Number | Roman | Number | Roman | Number | Roman |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 9 | IX | 17 | XVII |
| 2 | II | 10 | X | 18 | XVIII |
| 3 | III | 11 | XI | 19 | XIX |
| 4 | IV | 12 | XII | 20 | XX |
| 5 | V | 13 | XIII | 30 | XXX |
| 6 | VI | 14 | XIV | 40 | XL |
| 7 | VII | 15 | XV | 50 | L |
| 8 | VIII | 16 | XVI | 90 | XC |
| 100 | C | 500 | D | 1000 | M |
Incomplete Numbers — ಅಪೂರ್ಣ ಅಂಕಗಳು
| Fraction | English | Fraction | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ½ | Half | 1/6 | One sixth |
| 1/3 | One third | 1/7 | One seventh |
| 1/4 | One fourth | 1/8 | One eighth |
| 1/5 | One fifth | 1/9 | One ninth |
| 1/10 | One tenth | 2/3 | Two third |
| 3/4 | Three fourth | — | — |
Part 2 · Parts of Speech
Lesson 6
Parts of Speech
ಪದಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
There are 8 parts of speech in English. They are used in every sentence.
ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟು 8 (ಎಂಟು) ಪದಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು ಇವೆ. ಇವು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿರುತ್ತವೆ.
| # | Part of Speech | Kannada | Meaning & Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun | ನಾಮಪದ | Things, people, places, abstract things or ideas.Man, Woman, Cows, House, Playground, idea, job |
| 2 | Pronoun | ಸರ್ವನಾಮ | A word used in place of a noun.I, He, They, Mine, His, theirs, himself, themselves |
| 3 | Adjective | ನಾಮ ವಿಶೇಷಣ | Describes a noun or pronoun.Happy, Good, Bad, Long, Short, Blue, Sweet |
| 4 | Verb | ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ | Expresses actions or state of being.Write, Play, See, Worked, Wrote, Written, Seeing |
| 5 | Adverb | ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ವಿಶೇಷಣ | Modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.Well, badly, slowly, quietly, fast, long, late, loudly |
| 6 | Preposition | ಉಪಸರ್ಗಾವ್ಯಯ | Shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word.In, at, of, out of, over, outside, from, by, to, for |
| 7 | Conjunction | ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯ ಬೋಧಕ | Connects sentences; joins words, phrases or clauses.And, because, therefore, so, thus, while, since, or |
| 8 | Interjection | ಉದ್ಗಾರವಾಚಕ | A sound or word that expresses sudden emotion.Well, Whoops, aah, boo, wow, whoa, Yeah |
Lesson 7
Noun
ನಾಮಪದ
Noun is the name of a person, place, thing, animal, or idea.
ನಾಮಪದ ಎಂದರೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒಂದು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗೆ, ಸ್ಥಳ, ವಸ್ತುವಿಗೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಇನ್ನಿತರಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೆಸರನ್ನು ನೀಡಿ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ನಾಮಪದ ಎನ್ನಲಾಗಿದೆ.
Example:
- This is a book.
- Ravi writes.
- Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka.
- I am going to Bidar.
| Category | Kannada | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Persons | ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು | Ashok, Ravi, Rani, Usha |
| Places | ಸ್ಥಳಗಳು | Kalaburagi, Bangalore, Bidar, Pragati Colony |
| Things | ವಸ್ತುಗಳು | House, Chair, Bike, Car |
| Animals | ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು | Tiger, Dog, Man, Cat |
| Others | ಇತರೆ | Birds, Tree, Fruits, Others |
Types of Nouns — ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
| # | Type | Meaning & Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Common Nounಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ನಾಮಪದ | A general person, place, thing or idea.Book, City, Dog, Happiness |
| 2 | Proper Nounನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ನಾಮಪದ | A specific person, place or thing — always capitalised.Pavan, Bangalore, Royal Tower |
| 3 | Collective Nounಸಮೂಹ ನಾಮಪದ | A group of people, animals or things as a single entity.Family, Team, Herd |
| 4 | Abstract Nounಅಮೂರ್ತ ನಾಮಪದ | A concept or idea that cannot be seen or touched.Love, Peace, Justice |
| 5 | Concrete Nounಮೂರ್ತ ನಾಮಪದ | Something that can be seen, touched or measured.Tree, House, Rock |
| 6 | Countable Nounಎಣಿಸಬಹುದಾದ | Can be counted; has singular and plural forms.Apple, Chair, Dog, Apples, Dogs |
| 7 | Uncountable Nounಎಣಿಸಲಾಗದ | Cannot be counted; no plural form.Water, Sugar, Furniture |
| 8 | Compound Nounಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ನಾಮಪದ | Made up of two or more words.Toothbrush, Basketball, Blackboard |
Lesson 8
Pronoun
ಸರ್ವನಾಮ
A Pronoun is used instead of a noun — a word that replaces a noun.
ಸರ್ವನಾಮ ಎಂದರೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒಂದು ವಸ್ತುವಿಗೆ-ಜೀವಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೆಸರು ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಅಂದರೆ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಸರಿನಿಂದ ಕರೆಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
| Pronoun | Kannada | Possessive | Object |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | ನಾನು | My — ನನ್ನ | Me — ನನ್ನನ್ನು |
| We | ನಾವು | Our — ನಮ್ಮ | Us — ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು |
| You | ನೀನು | Your — ನಿನ್ನ | You — ನಿನ್ನನ್ನು |
| You | ನೀವು | Your — ನಿಮ್ಮ | You — ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನು |
| He | ಅವನು | His — ಅವನ | Him — ಅವನನ್ನು |
| She | ಅವಳು | Her — ಅವಳ | Her — ಅವಳನ್ನು |
| It | ಅದು | Its — ಅದರ | It — ಅದನ್ನು |
| They | ಅವರು | Their — ಅವರ | Them — ಅವರನ್ನು |
| These | ಇವುಗಳು | — | — |
| Those | ಅವುಗಳು | — | — |
| This | ಇದು | — | — |
| That | ಅದು | — | — |
Types of Pronouns — ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
| # | Type | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Personal Pronounsವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | I, We, You, You, He, She, It, They |
| 2 | Possessive Pronounsಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | Mine, Ours, Yours, His, Hers, Its, Theirs |
| 3 | Reflexive Pronounsಆತ್ಮವಾಚಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves |
| 4 | Demonstrative Pronounsದರ್ಶಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | This, That, These, Those |
| 5 | Interrogative Pronounsಪ್ರಶ್ನಾತ್ಮಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | What, Which, Who, Whom, Whose |
| 6 | Indefinite Pronounsಅನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | Anyone, Someone, Everyone, Nobody, Everything, Anything |
| 7 | Relative Pronounsಸಂಬಂಧವಾಚಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | Who, Whom, Whose, Which, That |
| 8 | Reciprocal Pronounsಪರಸ್ಪರ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | Each other, One another |
| 9 | Intensive Pronounsಒತ್ತು ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves |
| 10 | Distributive Pronounsವಿತರಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು | Each, Either, Neither |
Difference between Reflexive and Intensive Pronoun
ಆತ್ಮವಾಚಕ ಮತ್ತು ಒತ್ತು ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ
Reflexive Pronoun: Used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same — reflecting the action back onto the subject.
ಆತ್ಮವಾಚಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮ: ವಾಕ್ಯದ ಕರ್ತೃ ಮತ್ತು ಕರ್ಮ ಒಂದೇ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
Intensive Pronoun: Emphasises the subject by adding extra focus to it, even though it still refers back to the subject.
ಒತ್ತು ಸರ್ವನಾಮ: ಕರ್ತೃವಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಒತ್ತು ನೀಡಲು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
Both use the same words like ‘myself’ or ‘himself’ but have different functions in a sentence.
ಎರಡೂ ಒಂದೇ ಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತವೆ, ಆದರೆ ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.
Lesson 9
Adjective
ನಾಮ ವಿಶೇಷಣ
An Adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or pronoun.
ನಾಮ ವಿಶೇಷಣ ಎಂದರೆ ಪದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ, ನಾಮ ವಿಶೇಷಣವು ನಾಮಪದದ ಅಥವಾ ಸರ್ವನಾಮ ಪದದ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನು, ಅವರ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿತ್ವವನ್ನು, ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ.
- Ravi is a clever boy. ರವಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ಜಾಣ ಹುಡುಗ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
- Rama is a good man. ರಾಮ ಒಬ್ಬ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
- Honest, wise, fat, thin, girl, boy, black, white, blue, beautiful, long.
| # | Type | Examples | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Descriptive | Tall, blue, beautiful, happy | Describe characteristics or qualities of a noun. |
| 2 | Demonstrative | This, That, These, Those | Point out specific nouns. |
| 3 | Quantitative | Few, Several, Much, Little | Indicate quantity or amount. |
| 4 | Numerical | One, Two, First, Second, Third, Fifty, Next | Describe numbers or numerical order. |
| 5 | Possessive | My, Your, His, Her, Its, Their | Show ownership or possession. |
| 6 | Interrogative | What, Which, Whose | Ask questions about nouns. |
| 7 | Comparative | Bigger, Easier, Taller, Shorter, More beautiful, Less intelligent | Compare two or more nouns. |
| 8 | Superlative | Biggest, Best, Most, Tallest, Most Intelligent, Least Intelligent | Compare three or more nouns; highest degree. |
| 9 | Distributive | Any, Anyone, Both, Each, Every, Either, Neither | Refer to individual nouns in a group. |
| 10 | Indefinite | Some, Any, Several, Few, Many, All | General or unspecific reference. |
| 11 | Compound | Well-known, Blue-eyed, Hard-working | Compound of two or more words. |
| 12 | Predicative | Happy, Tired, Wonderful | Follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. |
| 13 | Attributive | The big house, Lazy man | Used before the noun. |
| 14 | Proper | Indian, American, French, Chinese, Asian, British | Adjectives formed from proper nouns. |
Lesson 10
Verb
ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ
A Verb indicates the activity or work of a particular time — Present, Past and Future. It is shown as V1, V2, V3, V4, V5.
ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು ಅಂದರೆ — ಒಂದು ಕಾಲದ ಸಮಯದ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು — ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವು ವರ್ತಮಾನಕಾಲ, ಭೂತಕಾಲ ಹಾಗೂ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲದ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಂದರೆ — V1, V2, V3, V4, V5.
Weak Verbs (Regular Verbs): Past tense and past participle forms are made by adding ‘ed’, ‘t’ or ‘d’ to the root verb.
ದುರ್ಬಲ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು (ನಿಯಮಿತ): ಭೂತಕಾಲ ಮತ್ತು ಭೂತಕೃದಂತ ರೂಪಗಳನ್ನು ಮೂಲ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಕ್ಕೆ ‘ed’, ‘t’ ಅಥವಾ ‘d’ ಸೇರಿಸಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
- Call → Called → Called
- Deal → Dealt → Dealt
- Smile → Smiled → Smiled
- Learn → Learnt → Learnt
Strong Verbs (Irregular Verbs): Verbs that have a vowel change in their conjugation and follow ancient patterns of vowel alternation.
ಪ್ರಬಲ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು (ಅನಿಯಮಿತ): ಈ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು ಸಂಯೋಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವರ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ.
- Write → Wrote → Written
- Go → Went → Gone
- Give → Gave → Given
- Sing → Sang → Sung
V1 · V2 · V3 Table
| # | Kannada | V1 | V2 | V3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ಬರೆ | Write | Wrote | Written |
| 2 | ಹೋಗು | Go | Went | Gone |
| 3 | ಬಾ | Come | Came | Come |
| 4 | ಕೊಡು | Give | Gave | Given |
| 5 | ಕೂಡು | Sit | Sat | Sitten |
| 6 | ಮಲಗು | Sleep | Slept | Slept |
| 7 | ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳು | Take | Took | Taken |
| 8 | ಖರೀದಿಸು | Purchase | Purchased | Purchased |
| 9 | ಮಾರು | Sell | Sold | Sold |
| 10 | ಕುಡಿ | Drink | Drank | Drunk |
| 11 | ಮಾಡು | Do | Did | Done |
| 12 | ಕರೆ | Call | Called | Called |
| 13 | ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡು | Work | Worked | Worked |
| 14 | ನೋಡು | See | Saw | Seen |
| 15 | ತಿನ್ನು | Eat | Ate | Eaten |
| 16 | ಹೇಳು | Tell | Told | Told |
| 17 | ಓಡು | Run | Run | Run |
| 18 | ಬೆದರಿಸು | Threaten | Threatened | Threatened |
| 19 | ಅಲಂಕರಿಸು | Decorate | Decorated | Decorated |
| 20 | ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡು | Help | Helped | Helped |
| 21 | ಮೋಸ ಮಾಡು | Cheat | Cheated | Cheated |
| 22 | ಶುದ್ಧಿಗೊಳಿಸು | Purify | Purified | Purified |
| 23 | ಭಾಷಣ ಮಾಡು | Address | Addressed | Addressed |
| 24 | ಮಾತನಾಡು | Speak | Spoke | Spoken |
| 25 | ಮಾತನಾಡು | Talk | Talked | Talked |
| 26 | ಸಂವಹನ ಮಾಡು | Communicate | Communicated | Communicated |
| 27 | ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳು | Understand | Understood | Understood |
| 28 | ಹಾನಿ ಮಾಡು | Harm | Harmed | Harmed |
| 29 | ಜಗಿಯು | Chew | Chewed | Chewed |
| 30 | ಅಡುಗೆ ಮಾಡು | Cook | Cooked | Cooked |
| 31 | ನೀರು ಹಾಕು | Water | Watered | Watered |
| 32 | ಮದುವೆಯಾಗು | Marry | Married | Married |
| 33 | ಪ್ರೇರೇಪಿಸು | Motivate | Motivated | Motivated |
| 34 | ಎದುರಿಸು | Face | Faced | Faced |
| 35 | ನೋಡು / ವೀಕ್ಷಿಸು | Watch | Watched | Watched |
| 36 | ಆಲಿಸು | Listen | Listened | Listened |
| 37 | ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ ಮಾಡು | Study | Studied | Studied |
| 38 | ಹುಡುಕು | Seek | Sought | Sought |
| 39 | ಖರ್ಚು ಮಾಡು | Spend | Spent | Spent |
| 40 | ಹೊಂದು | Have / Has | Had | Had |
| 41 | ಏಳು | Rise | Rose | Risen |
| 42 | ಮುಳುಗು | Sink | Sank | Sunk |
| 43 | ಬೆಳೆ | Grow | Grew | Grown |
| 44 | ಇರು | Be | Was | Been |
| 45 | ದೀಪ ಹಚ್ಚು | Light | Lit | Lit |
| 46 | ಅರ್ಥವಾಗು | Mean | Meant | Meant |
| 47 | ಬಿಡು | Leave | Left | Left |
| 48 | ಸಾಧಿಸು | Achieve | Achieved | Achieved |
| 49 | ನ್ಯಾಯ ತೀರ್ಪು | Judge | Judged | Judged |
| 50 | ಕುದಿ | Boil | Boiled | Boiled |
| 51 | ಸೇರಿಸು | Include | Included | Included |
| 52 | ಒಪ್ಪು | Agree | Agreed | Agreed |
| 53 | ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಮಾಡು | Arrange | Arranged | Arranged |
| 54 | ಕಾಣಿಸು | Appear | Appeared | Appeared |
| 55 | ಉತ್ತರಿಸು | Answer | Answered | Answered |
| 56 | ಬಾಗು | Bend | Bent | Bent |
| 57 | ಬೇಡಿಕೆ | Demand | Demanded | Demanded |
| 58 | ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಗೊಳಿಸು | Develop | Developed | Developed |
| 59 | ಗಳಿಸು | Earn | Earned | Earned |
| 60 | ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸು | Expand | Expanded | Expanded |
| 61 | ಕಲಿ | Learn | Learnt | Learnt |
| 62 | ಕಲಿಸು | Teach | Taught | Taught |
| 63 | ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸು | Try | Tried | Tried |
| 64 | ಕಾಯು | Wait | Waited | Waited |
| 65 | ಇಚ್ಛಿಸು | Want | Wanted | Wanted |
| 66 | ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸು | Use | Used | Used |
| 67 | ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸು | Start | Started | Started |
Types of Verbs — ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
| # | Type | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Action Verbs (Dynamic Verbs)ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Run, Jump, Eat, Think, Read, Write, Dance |
| 2 | Linking Verbs (Copular Verbs)ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Be, Can be, Will be, Has been, Look, Smell, Seem, Appear, Became |
| 3 | Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Be, Have, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Can, Could, May, Might |
| 4 | Transitive Verbsಸಕರ್ಮಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Read a book, Write a letter, Paint a picture, Helped |
| 5 | Intransitive Verbsಅಕರ್ಮಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Sleep, Laugh, Cry, Act, Hold |
| 6 | Regular Verbsನಿಯಮಿತ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Walk, Walked, Walked |
| 7 | Irregular Verbsಅನಿಯಮಿತ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Go, Went, Gone |
| 8 | Modal Verbsಮೋಡಲ್ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Must, Ought to |
| 9 | Phrasal Verbsಪದಗುಚ್ಛ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Pick up, Turn off, Get on |
| 10 | Stative Verbsಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು | Know, Love, Hate, Like, Think |
Lesson 11
Adverb
ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ವಿಶೇಷಣ
An Adverb is a word which modifies the verb.
ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ವಿಶೇಷಣ ಎಂದರೆ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ, ಕ್ರಿಯಾವು ಯಾವ ರೀತಿಯಾಗಿ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ.
- He runs slowly. ಅವನು ನಿಧಾನವಾಗಿ ಓಡುತ್ತಾನೆ.
- He drives fastly. ಅವನು ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಾನೆ.
| # | Type | Examples | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Manner | Quickly, Loudly, Wisely, Carefully | Describe the way something is done. |
| 2 | Time | Yesterday, Soon, Already, Never | Indicate when something happens. |
| 3 | Place | Here, There, Everywhere, Nowhere | Describe where something happens. |
| 4 | Frequency | Always, Often, Rarely, Never | Indicate how often something happens. |
| 5 | Degree | Very, Extremely, Slightly, Highly | Describe the extent or degree of something. |
| 6 | Focus | Only, Just, Mainly, Especially | Emphasise a particular part of a sentence. |
| 7 | Viewpoint | Personally, Officially, Apparently, Seemingly | Indicate the perspective or viewpoint. |
| 8 | Attitude | Fortunately, Unfortunately, Surprisingly, Amazingly | Express the speaker's attitude or emotion. |
| 9 | Modal | Possibly, Necessarily, Probably, Definitely | Express modality. |
| 10 | Conjunctive | However, Therefore, Thus, Consequently | Connect clauses or sentences. |
Lesson 12
Preposition
ಉಪಸರ್ಗಾವ್ಯಯ
A Preposition is a word which shows the relationship with the noun and pronouns.
ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಮಪದ ಅಥವಾ ಸರ್ವನಾಮದ ಇತರ ಶಬ್ದಗಳೊಡನೆ ಇರುವ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಶಬ್ದಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಬಂಧ ಸೂಚಕ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅಂದರೆ ಒಂದು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿನ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಕಲ್ಪಿಸುವ ಶಬ್ದವೇ Preposition ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ.
- I go to market. ನಾನು ಮಾರ್ಕೆಟಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- I write a letter by pen. ನಾನು ಪೆನ್ನಿನಿಂದ ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- I am in house. ನಾನು ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
Common Prepositions — ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು
| Preposition | Kannada | Preposition | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| To | ಗೆ, ಕೆ, ವರೆಗೆ, ಹತ್ತಿರ | In | ಒಳಗೆ / ಯಲ್ಲಿ |
| With | ಜೊತೆಗೆ | Into | ಒಳಗಡೆ |
| From | ಇಂದ | Up | ಮೇಲೆ |
| By | ಯಿಂದ | Above | ಮೇಲೆ |
| On | ಮೇಲೆ | Below | ಕೆಳಗೆ |
| Without | ಜೊತೆಗೆಯಿಲ್ಲದ | Under | ಕೆಳಗೆ |
| At | ಕಡೆ | Out | ಹೊರಗೆ |
| Outside | ಹೊರಗಡೆ | For | ಸಲುವಾಗಿ |
| Between | ನಡುವೆ | Infront | ಮುಂದೆ |
| Behind | ಹಿಂದೆ | As | ಅಂತೆ |
| Through | ಮುಖಾಂತರವಾಗಿ | Over | ಮೇಲೆ |
| Of | ಅ | Among | ನಡುವೆ |
Types of Prepositions — ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
| # | Type | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Timeಸಮಯ | We will meet at noon. |
| 2 | Placeಸ್ಥಳ | The cat is under the table. |
| 3 | Directionದಿಕ್ಕು | She is walking toward the shop. |
| 4 | Agentಕರ್ತೃ | The book was written by Ravi. |
| 5 | Instrumentಸಾಧನ | She painted the picture with a brush. |
| 6 | Mannerರೀತಿ | He eats his food with his hands. |
| 7 | Purposeಉದ್ದೇಶ | She went to the school to study. |
| 8 | Possessionಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ | This is the key of my car. |
| 9 | Sourceಮೂಲ | The apples are from my garden. |
| 10 | Locationಸ್ಥಾನ | The library is next to the Computer Lab. |
At — Time, Night, Location (at 5 o'clock, at the park).
On — Days, Dates, Large/Public Vehicles (on Friday, on 4th April).
In — Months/Years, Seasons, Small/Personal Vehicles (in June, in 2025, in summer). At = ಸಮಯ, ರಾತ್ರಿ, ಸ್ಥಳ · On = ದಿನಗಳು, ದಿನಾಂಕಗಳು, ದೊಡ್ಡ ವಾಹನಗಳು · In = ತಿಂಗಳು, ವರ್ಷ, ಋತುಗಳು, ಸಣ್ಣ ವಾಹನಗಳು.
On — Days, Dates, Large/Public Vehicles (on Friday, on 4th April).
In — Months/Years, Seasons, Small/Personal Vehicles (in June, in 2025, in summer). At = ಸಮಯ, ರಾತ್ರಿ, ಸ್ಥಳ · On = ದಿನಗಳು, ದಿನಾಂಕಗಳು, ದೊಡ್ಡ ವಾಹನಗಳು · In = ತಿಂಗಳು, ವರ್ಷ, ಋತುಗಳು, ಸಣ್ಣ ವಾಹನಗಳು.
Lesson 13
Conjunction
ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯ ಬೋಧಕ
A Conjunction joins two sentences or two words together — word + word or sentence + sentence.
ಯಾವ ಶಬ್ದವು ಶಬ್ದಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಒಂದುಗೂಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆಯೋ ಹಾಗೂ ವಾಕ್ಯ + ವಾಕ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕೂಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆಯೋ, ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯ ಬೋಧಕ ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಯೋಗ Conjunction ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ.
- Rama and Ravi are friends. ರಾಮ ಮತ್ತು ರವಿ ಗೆಳೆಯರು ಇದ್ದಾರೆ.
- He goes to market, because he has work. ಅವನು ಮಾರ್ಕೆಟಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಅವನು ಕೆಲಸ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾನೆ.
Common Conjunctions — ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಸಂಯೋಗಗಳು
| Conjunction | Kannada | Conjunction | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| And | ಮತ್ತು | Because | ಏಕೆಂದರೆ |
| Therefore | ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ | But | ಆದರೆ |
| Or | ಅಥವಾ | As well as | ಹಾಗೆ, ಅದರಂತೆ |
| Not only… but also | ಅದುಲ್ಲದೆ ಇದು | If | ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ |
| While | ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ | Though | ಆದರೂ, ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ |
| When | ಯಾವಾಗ, ಆವಾಗ | Otherwise | ಇಲ್ಲವಾದರೆ |
Types of Conjunctions — ಸಂಯೋಗಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
| Type | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Coordinatingಸಂಯೋಜಕ | Links two independent clauses.ಎರಡು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಜೋಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. | For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So |
| Subordinatingಅಧೀನ ಸಂಯೋಜಕ | Links a dependent clause to an independent clause.ಅವಲಂಬಿತ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. | After, Although, Because, Before, Even if, Even though, In order that, Once |
| Correlativeಸಹಸಂಬಂಧಿ | Pairs of conjunctions that work together.ಜೋಡಿಯಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ಸಂಯೋಗಗಳು. | Either…or, Neither…nor, Both…and, Not only…but also, Whether…or, Just as…so, As…as, No sooner…than |
Lesson 14
Interjection
ಉದ್ಗಾರವಾಚಕ
An Interjection is a word which expresses sudden feelings.
ಉದ್ಗಾರವಾಚಕ ಎಂದರೆ ಒಂದು ಪದ್ಧವುವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಅದು ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯ ಸೂಚಕ, ದುಃಖ, ಸಂತೋಷವನ್ನು ಅನಿಸಿಕೆ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
- Alas! She died. ಅಲಸ! ಅವಳು ಸತ್ತಳು.
- Hurrah! We have won the game. ಹೋರಹ! ನಾವು ಆಟವನ್ನು ಗೆದ್ದೆವು.
| # | Type | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Greeting | Show warmth / welcome.ಸ್ವಾಗತ | Hello! |
| 2 | Happiness | Show happiness or joy.ಸಂತೋಷ | Hurrah! |
| 3 | Attention | Draw attention.ಗಮನ ಸೆಳೆಯಲು | Look! |
| 4 | Approval | Show agreement or approval.ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆ | Well done! |
| 5 | Surprise | Indicate surprise.ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯ | Oh! |
| 6 | Sorrow | Express sadness.ದುಃಖ | Alas! |
| 7 | Shock | Express shock.ಆಘಾತ | What! |
| 8 | Anger | Express anger.ಕೋಪ | Excuse me! |
Lesson 15
Helping Verbs
ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು
There are 24 helping verbs in English. They indicate the tense in a sentence.
ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು 24 ಗಳಿವೆ. ಈ ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಲ ಸೂಚಕವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
| # | Helping Verb | Kannada | Used with |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | do not | ದಿಲ್ಲ | I, We, You, They |
| 2 | does not | ದಿಲ್ಲ | He, She, It |
| 3 | did not | ಲಿಲ್ಲ | I, We, You, He, She, It, They |
| 4 | shall | ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ | I, We |
| 5 | will | ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ | You, He, She, It, They |
| 6 | am | ಇದ್ದೇನೆ | I |
| 7 | is | ಇದ್ದಾನೆ, ಇದ್ದಾಳೆ, ಇದೆ | He, She, It |
| 8 | are | ಇದ್ದೇವೆ, ಇದ್ದೀರಿ, ಇದ್ದಾರೆ, ಇವೆ | We, You, They |
| 9 | was | ಇದ್ದೆನು, ಇದ್ದನು, ಇದ್ದಳು, ಇತ್ತು | I, He, She, It |
| 10 | were | ಇದ್ದೆವು, ಇದ್ದಿರಿ, ಇದ್ದರು, ಇದ್ದವು | We, You, They |
| 11 | have | ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಹತ್ತಿರವಿರುತ್ತದೆ | I, We, You, They |
| 12 | has | ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಹತ್ತಿರವಿರುತ್ತದೆ | He, She, It |
| 13 | had | ಹೊಂದಿತು, ಹತ್ತಿರವಿತ್ತು | All persons |
| 14 | should | ಬೇಕು | Modal Verb |
| 15 | would | ಬೇಕು (ಸ್ವ-ಇಚ್ಛೆಯಿಂದ) | Modal Verb |
| 16 | must | ಲೇ ಬೇಕು | Modal Verb |
| 17 | can | ಶಕ್ತಿವಿದೆ, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವಿದೆ | Modal Verb |
| 18 | could | ಶಕ್ತಿವಿತ್ತು, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವಿತ್ತು | Modal Verb |
| 19 | may | ಬಹುದು | Modal Verb |
| 20 | might | ಬಹುದಾಗಿತ್ತು | Modal Verb |
| 21 | dare to | ಧೈರ್ಯವಿರು | Semi-Modal Verb |
| 22 | need to | ಅವಶ್ಯಕತೆವಿದೆ | Semi-Modal Verb |
| 23 | ought to | ತಕ್ಕದ್ದು | Semi-Modal Verb |
| 24 | used to | ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸು | Semi-Modal Verb |
Part 3 · Tenses & Grammar
Lesson 16
Tenses – 12
ಕಾಲಗಳು – 12
Tenses denote the time of action — Present, Past, and Future. Each is further divided into four types.
ಕಾಲಗಳು ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಸಮಯವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ — ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ, ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ, ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದನ್ನು ಮತ್ತೆ ನಾಲ್ಕು ವಿಧಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.
| # | Tense | Kannada | Formula |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Simple Present | ಸಾಧ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ | Subject + V1 + Object |
| 2 | Simple Past | ಸಾಧ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ | Subject + V2 + Object |
| 3 | Simple Future | ಸಾಧ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ | Subject + shall/will + V1 + Object |
| 4 | Continuous Present | ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ | Sub + am/is/are + verb + ing + obj |
| 5 | Continuous Past | ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ | Subject + was/were + verb + ing + object |
| 6 | Continuous Future | ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ | Sub + shall be/will be + verb + ing + obj |
| 7 | Perfect Present | ಪೂರ್ಣ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ | Subject + has/have + V3 + object |
| 8 | Perfect Past | ಪೂರ್ಣ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ | Subject + had + V3 + object |
| 9 | Perfect Future | ಪೂರ್ಣ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ | Subject + shall have/will have + V3 + object |
| 10 | Perfect Continuous Present | ಪೂರ್ಣ ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ | Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing + object |
| 11 | Perfect Continuous Past | ಪೂರ್ಣ ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭೂತ | Subject + had + been + verb + ing + object |
| 12 | Perfect Continuous Future | ಪೂರ್ಣ ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ | Sub + shall have/will have + been + verb + ing + obj |
Important: These 12 Positive Tense formulas should be learned, practised, understood, written 3 times and remembered perfectly.
ಈ 12 ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ಕಾಲಗಳ ಸೂತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಕಲಿಯಬೇಕು, ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು, ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು, 3 ಬಾರಿ ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು ಹಾಗೂ ನೆನಪಿನಲ್ಲಿಡಬೇಕು.
1. Simple Present Tense — ಸಾಧ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist Person | I write — ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ | We write — ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ |
| IInd Person | You write — ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿ | You write — ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೀರಿ |
| IIIrd Person | He writes — ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ She writes — ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ It writes — ಅದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ | They write — ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತವೆ |
Examples:
- I write a letter. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- I go to market. ನಾನು ಮಾರ್ಕೆಟಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- He comes with friends. ಅವನು ಗೆಳೆಯರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಬರುತ್ತಾನೆ.
2. Simple Past Tense — ಸಾಧ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist Person | I wrote — ನಾನು ಬರೆದೆನು | We wrote — ನಾವು ಬರೆದೆವು |
| IInd Person | You wrote — ನೀನು ಬರೆದಿ | You wrote — ನೀವು ಬರೆದಿರಿ |
| IIIrd Person | He wrote — ಅವನು ಬರೆದನು She wrote — ಅವಳು ಬರೆದಳು It wrote — ಅದು ಬರೆಯಿತು | They wrote — ಅವರು ಬರೆದರು / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆದವು |
- I wrote on the paper. ನಾನು ಕಾಗದ ಮೇಲೆ ಬರೆದೆನು.
- You called to the police. ನೀವು ಪೋಲಿಸರಿಗೆ ಕರೆದಿರಿ.
3. Simple Future Tense — ಸಾಧ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist Person | I shall write — ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುವೇನು | We shall write — ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುವೇವು |
| IInd Person | You will write — ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುವಿ | You will write — ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುವಿರಿ |
| IIIrd Person | He will write — ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುವನು She will write — ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುವಳು It will write — ಅದು ಬರೆಯುವದು | They will write — ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುವರು / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುವವು |
Formula = Subject + shall/will + Verb 1 + Object
ಶಲ್ – I, We ಗಳ ಮುಂದೆ · ವಿಲ್ – You, You, He, She, It, They ಗಳ ಮುಂದೆ
- I shall write a letter tomorrow. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ನಾಳೆ ಬರೆಯುವೇನು.
- He will become CM. ಅವನು ಸಿ.ಎಂ. ಆಗುವನು.
- They will come to school. ಅವರು ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಬರುವರು.
4. Continuous Present Tense — ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I am writing — ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ | We are writing — ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇವೆ |
| IInd | You are writing — ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಿ | You are writing — ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೀರಿ |
| IIIrd | He is writing — ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ She is writing — ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾಳೆ It is writing — ಅದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದೆ | They are writing — ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇವೆ |
- I am reading a book. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಓದುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
- I am going now. ನಾನು ಈಗ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
5. Continuous Past Tense — ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I was writing — ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೆನು | We were writing — ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೆವು |
| IInd | You were writing — ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಿದೆ | You were writing — ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಿದಿರಿ |
| IIIrd | He was writing — ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದನು She was writing — ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಳು It was writing — ಅದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇತ್ತು | They were writing — ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದರು / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದವು |
6. Continuous Future Tense — ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I shall be writing | We shall be writing |
| IInd | You will be writing | You will be writing |
| IIIrd | He / She / It will be writing | They will be writing |
7. Perfect Present Tense — ಪೂರ್ಣ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I have written — ನಾನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇನೆ | We have written — ನಾವು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇವೆ |
| IInd | You have written — ನೀನು ಬರೆದಿ | You have written — ನೀವು ಬರೆದಿರಿ |
| IIIrd | He has written — ಅವನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾನೆ She has written — ಅವಳು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾಳೆ It has written — ಅದು ಬರೆದಿದೆ | They have written — ಅವರು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾವೆ |
- Now, I have a house. ಈಗ, ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಮನೆ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದೇನೆ.
- I have gone now. ನಾನು ಈಗ ಹೋಗಿದ್ದೇನೆ.
8. Perfect Past Tense — ಪೂರ್ಣ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I had written — ನಾನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೆನು | We had written — ನಾವು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೆವು |
| IInd | You had written — ನೀನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಿ | You had written — ನೀವು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಿರಿ |
| IIIrd | He had written — ಅವನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದನು She had written — ಅವಳು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಳು It had written — ಅದು ಬರೆದಿತ್ತು | They had written — ಅವರು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದರು / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದವು |
- I had passed SSLC in 2010. ನಾನು 2010 ರಲ್ಲಿ SSLC ಪಾಸ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದೆನು.
- He had worked at that time. ಅವನು ಆ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದನು.
9. Perfect Future Tense — ಪೂರ್ಣ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I shall have written — ನಾನು ಬರೆದಿರುವೆನು | We shall have written — ನಾವು ಬರೆದಿರುವೆವು |
| IInd | You will have written — ನೀನು ಬರೆದಿರುವಿ | You will have written — ನೀವು ಬರೆದಿರುವಿರಿ |
| IIIrd | He / She / It will have written — ಅವನು / ಅವಳು / ಅದು ಬರೆದಿರುವರು / ಬರೆದಿರುವಳು / ಬರೆದಿರುವುದು | They will have written — ಅವರು / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆದಿರುವರು / ಬರೆದಿರುವವು |
- I shall have gone to Bangalore. ನಾನು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಿರುವೇನು.
- He will have written the exam. ಅವನು ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದರುವನು.
10. Perfect Continuous Present Tense — ಪೂರ್ಣ ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I have been writing — ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ | We have been writing — ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದೇವೆ |
| IInd | You have been writing — ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದಿ | You have been writing — ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದೀರಿ |
| IIIrd | He has been writing — ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ She has been writing — ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದಾಳೆ It has been writing — ಅದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದೆ | They have been writing — ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ / ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇವೆ |
- I have been reading this book since a week. ನಾನು ಈ ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಒಂದು ವಾರದಿಂದ ಓದುತ್ತಾನೇ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
- He has been going to school since two years. ಅವನು ಎರಡು ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
11. Perfect Continuous Past Tense — ಪೂರ್ಣ ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I had been writing — ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದೆನು | We had been writing — ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದೆವು |
| IInd | You had been writing — ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದಿದಿ | You had been writing — ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದಿರಿ |
| IIIrd | He / She / It had been writing | They had been writing |
- I had been working since 2020 to 2023. ನಾನು 2020 ರಿಂದ 2023 ವರೆಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದೆನು.
- He had been writing a letter. ಅವನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇದ್ದನು.
12. Perfect Continuous Future Tense — ಪೂರ್ಣ ಮುಂದುವರೆದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Ist | I shall have been writing | We shall have been writing |
| IInd | You will have been writing | You will have been writing |
| IIIrd | He / She / It will have been writing | They will have been writing |
- I shall have been coming. ನಾನು ಬರುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇರುವೇನು.
- She will have been going to market since morning. ಅವಳು ಮಾರ್ಕೆಟಿಗೆ ಮುಂಜಾನೆಯಿಂದ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ ಇರುವಳು.
Note: These 12 Positive Tense formulas should be written, practised and remembered. Don't forget the Tense formulas — they are very important for learning English, Grammar and Communication.
ಈ 12 ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ಕಾಲ ಸೂತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು, ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು ಮತ್ತು ನೆನಪಿಡಬೇಕು. ಕಾಲ ಸೂತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಮರೆಯಬೇಡಿ — ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್, ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂವಹನ ಕಲಿಯಲು ಇವು ಬಹಳ ಮುಖ್ಯ.
Lesson 17
Punctuation
ವಿರಾಮ ಚಿಹ್ನೆಗಳು / ಚಿಹ್ನೆ ಗುರುತಿಸುವಿಕೆ
Punctuation marks are symbols used in writing to separate sentences and their elements, and to clarify meaning.
ವಿರಾಮ ಚಿಹ್ನೆಗಳು ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟಪಡಿಸಲು ಬಳಸುವ ಚಿಹ್ನೆಗಳು.
| Symbol | Name | Kannada | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | Full Stop / Period | ಪೂರ್ಣ ವಿರಾಮ | End of a statement. |
| , | Comma | ಅಲ್ಪ ವಿರಾಮ | Separate items in a list; pause. |
| ? | Question Mark | ಪ್ರಶ್ನಾರ್ಥಕ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | End of a question. |
| ! | Exclamation Mark | ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಸೂಚಕ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | Strong feeling / surprise. |
| ; | Semicolon | ಅರ್ಧ ವಿರಾಮ | Separates closely related clauses. |
| : | Colon | ವಿವರಣ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | Introduces a list or explanation. |
| ' | Apostrophe | ಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | Shows possession or contraction. |
| " " | Quotation Marks | ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | Direct speech or a quote. |
| ( ) | Parentheses | ಆವರಣ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | Extra information. |
| - | Hyphen | ಸಂಯೋಜಕ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | Joins words. |
| — | Dash | ರೇಖಾ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ | Break in thought. |
Lesson 18
Cases
ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಗಳು
Just like Kannada, English also has 8 cases from Nominative to Vocative.
ಕನ್ನಡದಂತೆಯೇ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಪ್ರಥಮದಿಂದ ಸಂಬೋಧನೆಯವರೆಗೆ 8 ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಗಳು ಇವೆ.
| # | Kannada | English | Marker |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ಪ್ರಥಮಾ | Nominative | Subject |
| 2 | ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ | Accusative | Object |
| 3 | ತೃತೀಯಾ | Instrumental | by |
| 4 | ಚತುರ್ಥಿ | Dative | to, for |
| 5 | ಪಂಚಮಿ | Ablative | from |
| 6 | ಷಷ್ಠಿ | Possessive | of, 's |
| 7 | ಸಪ್ತಮಿ | Locative | in, at |
| 8 | ಸಂಬೋಧನ | Vocative | O! |
1. Nominative — ಪ್ರಥಮಾ
When a noun or pronoun is the doer of the verb (subject), it is in the Nominative case.
ಯಾವುದಾದರೂ ನಾಮಪದ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಸರ್ವನಾಮವು ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಕರ್ತೃವಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದು ಪ್ರಥಮಾ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿಯಬೇಕು.
- Ravi writes. ರವಿ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ.
- She walks. ಅವಳು ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
- It is going. ಅದು ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾ ಇದೆ.
2. Accusative — ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ
The object of a transitive verb is always in the Accusative case.
ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಕರ್ಮಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಕರ್ಮವು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.
- Akash reads a book. ಆಕಾಶ್ ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
- The girls write a letter. ಹುಡುಗಿಯರು ಪತ್ರವನ್ನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
3. Instrumental — ತೃತೀಯಾ (by)
The instrument used by the subject is in the Instrumental case.
ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ತೃವಿನ ಸಾಧನವಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವ ಶಬ್ದವು ತೃತೀಯಾ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುವುದೆಂದು ತಿಳಿಯಬೇಕು.
- He cuts the fruits with a knife. ಅವನು ಚಾಕುವಿನಿಂದ ಹಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ.
- I travel by bus. ನಾನು ಬಸ್ಸಿನಿಂದ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇನೆ.
4. Dative — ಚತುರ್ಥಿ (to, for)
When to or for comes after a noun, it is in the Dative case.
ನಾಮಪದದ ಹಿಂದೆ to ಅಥವಾ for ಬಂದರೆ ಅದು ಚತುರ್ಥಿ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.
- I write a letter to Ravi. ನಾನು ರವಿಗೆ ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- He will do this for you. ಅವನು ನಿನ್ನ ಸಲುವಾಗಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವನು.
5. Ablative — ಪಂಚಮಿ (from)
The Ablative case comes from the Instrumental. Its marker is from.
ಪಂಚಮಿ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯು ತೃತೀಯಾದಿಂದ ಇರುವುದು. ಇದರ ಸೂಚಕ ಶಬ್ದವು from ಎಂಬುದಾಗಿದೆ.
- You go from one place to another. ನೀವು ಒಂದು ಸ್ಥಳದಿಂದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಸ್ಥಳಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೀರಿ.
6. Possessive — ಷಷ್ಠಿ (of, 's)
The possessive case is formed by adding 'S (apostrophe S) or using of.
ಪ್ರಥಮಾ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯ ರೂಪಕ್ಕೆ 'S (ಎರಡು ಸ್ವರಗಳ) ಹಚ್ಚುವದರಿಂದ ಷಷ್ಠಿಯ ರೂಪವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
- A bird → Bird's nest ಪಕ್ಷಿ → ಪಕ್ಷಿಯ ಗೂಡು
- The nest of the bird ಪಕ್ಷಿಯ ಗೂಡು
- Dogs → Dogs' ನಾಯಿಗಳು → ನಾಯಿಗಳ
Use 's only for living things. For non-living things, use of.
ಪ್ರಾಣಿಯ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಮನುಷ್ಯನ ವಿಷಯವಾಗಿ ಮಾತ್ರ 'S' ಬಳಸಬೇಕು. ಆದರೆ of ಎಂಬ ಉಪಸರ್ಗವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಜೀವ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಿಗೆ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವರು. House's ಎಂದು ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು, ಆದರೆ of the house ಎಂದೇ ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು.
7. Locative — ಸಪ್ತಮಿ (in, at)
When in or at comes after the object, it becomes the Locative case.
ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ಮದ ಹಿಂದೆ in, at ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಹಚ್ಚುವದರಿಂದ ಸಪ್ತಮಿ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯ ರೂಪಗಳಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
- She lives in her house. ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸವಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
- He ran at a great speed. ಅವನು ಬಹಳ ವೇಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಓಡಿದನು.
8. Vocative — ಸಂಬೋಧನ
The Vocative case is used to address someone directly. The word ‘O’ is used before it.
ಪ್ರಥಮಾ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಕೂಡ ಸಂಬೋಧನದಂತೆ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಅದರ ಮೊದಲು ‘O’ ಎಂಬ ಸಂಬೋಧನ ಅವ್ಯಯವು ಬರುತ್ತದೆ.
Lesson 19
Moods
ಕ್ರಿಯಾರೂಪ (ಅರ್ಥ)
In a sentence, the verb is generally used in one of three moods.
ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಉಪಯೋಗವು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಯಾವುದಾದರೊಂದು ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ಮಾಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ, ಆಜ್ಞೆ ಮಾಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ, ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಶಯ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
| # | Mood | Kannada | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Indicative | ನಿರ್ದೇಶಾತ್ಮಕ | States a fact.ಕೇವಲ ವಸ್ತು ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ. |
| 2 | Imperative | ಆಜ್ಞಾರ್ಥಕ, ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನಾರ್ಥಕ | Gives a command or request.ಆಜ್ಞೆ, ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ. |
| 3 | Subjunctive | ಇಚ್ಛಾರ್ಥಕ, ಸಂಶಯಾರ್ಥಕ | Expresses a wish, doubt or possibility.ಇಚ್ಛೆ, ಸಂಶಯ, ಸಂಭಾವನೆ. |
1. Indicative — ನಿರ್ದೇಶಾತ್ಮಕ
- Ravi goes to school daily. ರವಿ ಪ್ರತಿದಿನವೂ ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ.
- Rakesh born at Bangalore. ರಾಕೇಶ್ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದನು.
- She writes the exam very nicely. ಅವಳು ಬಹಳ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
- The house has four rooms. ಆ ಮನೆಗೆ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಕೋಣೆಗಳು ಇವೆ.
2. Imperative — ಆಜ್ಞಾರ್ಥಕ / ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನಾರ್ಥಕ
- Come here. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾ.
- Open your book at class. ನಿಮ್ಮ ತರಗತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ತೆರೆಯಿರಿ.
- Have mercy to animals. ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಕರುಣೆ ತೋರಿಸಿರಿ.
- Oh God! Give us this day our daily food. ಓ! ದೇವರೇ, ಈ ಹೊತ್ತು ನಮಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿದಿನದಂತೆ ನಮ್ಮ ಆಹಾರ ಕೊಡು.
- Let him sleep. ಅವನನ್ನು ಮಲಗಲು ಬಿಡಿ.
- Let them come. ಅವರನ್ನು ಬರಲು ಬಿಡಿರಿ.
3. Subjunctive — ಇಚ್ಛಾರ್ಥಕ / ಸಂಶಯಾರ್ಥಕ
- God save the orphan! ದೇವರು ಅನಾಥರನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲಿ!
- Oh! that I were a peacock! ಓಹೋ! ನಾನು ನವಿಲು ಆಗಿದ್ದರೆ.
- I wish that you would help me. ನೀನು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುವಿ ಎಂದು ನನ್ನ ಅಪೇಕ್ಷೆ ಇದೆ.
- Oh! God help me. ಓಹೋ! ದೇವರೇ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸು.
- I eat that I may live. ನಾನು ಬದುಕಬೇಕೆಂದು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತೇನೆ.
Lesson 20
Question Tag
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಕುಟ್ಟುವುದು
In a question tag, if a sentence is Negative, it is made Positive, and if the sentence is Positive, it is made Negative, and then a Question Mark (?) is placed at the end.
ಈ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಕುಟ್ಟುವುದರಲ್ಲಿ — ಯಾವುದೇ ವಾಕ್ಯವು ನಿಷೇಧಾರ್ಥಕವಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ (Negative) ವಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ, Positive ವಾಕ್ಯ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಹಾಗೂ Positive ವಾಕ್ಯವಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ Negative ವಾಕ್ಯ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮುಂದೆ Question Mark ಚಿಹ್ನೆ (?) ಹಾಕಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವನ್ನು ಹಾಗೂ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ (?) ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
Formula: Helping Verb + (Not) + Pronoun?
ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ + (ಇಲ್ಲ) + ಸರ್ವನಾಮ?
| Statement | Question Tag | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| I write a letter. | Don't I? | ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| I don't write a letter. | Do I? | ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ — ಹೌದೇನು? |
| Ravi doesn't go to school. | Does he? | ರವಿ ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ — ಹೌದೇನು? |
| Ravi goes to school. | Doesn't he? | ರವಿ ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| He didn't come from Bidar. | Did he? | ಅವನು ಬೀದರ್ನಿಂದ ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ — ಹೌದೇನು? |
| He came from Bidar. | Didn't he? | ಅವನು ಬೀದರ್ನಿಂದ ಬಂದನು — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| She will not go to school. | Will she? | ಅವಳು ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ — ಹೌದೇನು? |
| She will go to school. | Won't she? | ಅವಳು ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುವಳು — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| Rama is not a good man. | Is he? | ರಾಮ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಅಲ್ಲ — ಹೌದೇನು? |
| Rama is a good man. | Isn't he? | ರಾಮ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮನುಷ್ಯ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| Cat was an animal. | Wasn't it? | ಬೆಕ್ಕು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಾಣಿ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| They are running on the road. | Aren't they? | ಅವರು ರಸ್ತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಓಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| I am giving the money. | Aren't I? | ನಾನು ಹಣ ಕೊಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| Sita is studying the book. | Isn't she? | ಸೀತಾ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಓದುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾಳೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| You are a man. | Aren't you? | ನೀನು ಒಬ್ಬ ಮನುಷ್ಯ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| I have written a letter for you. | Haven't I? | ನಾನು ನಿನಗೆ ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇನೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| Ravi has gone to house. | Hasn't he? | ರವಿ ಮನೆಗೆ ಹೋಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| You have a pen. | Haven't you? | ನಿನ್ನ ಬಳಿ ಪೆನ್ನು ಇದೆ — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| He had a house. | Hadn't he? | ಅವನ ಬಳಿ ಮನೆ ಇತ್ತು — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
| He will have written. | Won't he have? | ಅವನು ಬರೆದಿರುವನು — ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? |
Lesson 21
Degrees of Comparison
ವಿಶೇಷಣಗಳ ತಾರತಮ್ಯ ಭಾವಗಳು
When comparing two objects of the same kind, or several objects or persons, we use Degrees of Comparison. In Kannada, we use ಕ್ಕಿಂತ, ಗಿಂತ, ಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ, ಗಿಂತಲೂ.
ಒಂದೇ ಜಾತಿಯ ಎರಡು ವಸ್ತುಗಳ, ಹಲವಾರು ವಸ್ತುಗಳು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಮಧ್ಯ ಹೋಲಿಸುವಾಗ ತಾರತಮ್ಯ ಭಾವಗಳನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ತರಹದ ಹೋಲಿಕೆ ಮಾಡುವಾಗ ಕ್ಕಿಂತ, ಗಿಂತ, ಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ, ಗಿಂತಲೂ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
| # | Degree | Kannada | Marker |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Positive | ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಸ್ತರ | Basic form |
| 2 | Comparative | ತುಲನಾತ್ಮಕ | -er… than that |
| 3 | Superlative | ಅತ್ಯುನ್ನತ | the -est of all the |
Common Adjective Forms
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good | Better | Best | ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ |
| Bad | Worse | Worst | ಕೆಟ್ಟ |
| Big | Bigger | Biggest | ದೊಡ್ಡ |
| Tall | Taller | Tallest | ಎತ್ತರ |
| Clever | Cleverer | Cleverest | ಜಾಣ |
| Happy | Happier | Happiest | ಸಂತೋಷ |
| Hot | Hotter | Hottest | ಬಿಸಿ |
| Much / Many | More | Most | ಹೆಚ್ಚು / ಅನೇಕ |
| Well | Better | Best | ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ |
| Bold | Bolder | Boldest | ಧಿಟ್ಟ |
| Wise | Wiser | Wisest | ಜಾಣ |
| Great | Greater | Greatest | ಮಹಾನ್ |
Examples — ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು
Positive: He is a good man.
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ: ಅವನು ಒಬ್ಬ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮನುಷ್ಯನಿದ್ದಾನೆ.
Comparative: He is better than that man.
ತುಲನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಅವನು ಆ ಮನುಷ್ಯಗಿಂತ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯವನು ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
Superlative: He is the best man of all the men.
ಅತ್ಯುನ್ನತ: ಅವನು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮನುಷ್ಯರಿಗಿಂತಲೂ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
- Ravi was a tall boy. → Ravi was taller than that boy. → Ravi was the tallest boy of all the boys.
- Raju is a big man. → Raju is bigger than that man. → Raju is the biggest man of all the men.
- This fruit is good. → This fruit is better than that fruit. → This fruit is the best of all the fruits.
- This subject is easy. → This subject is easier than that subject. → This subject is the easiest of all the subjects.
Lesson 22
Active Voice → Passive Voice
ಕರ್ತರಿಯಿಂದ ಕರ್ಮಣಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ
When converting Active to Passive, the pronoun changes (I → me, We → us, He → him, She → her, They → them).
ಕರ್ತರಿಯಿಂದ ಕರ್ಮಣಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ ಮಾಡಬೇಕೆಂದರೆ, ಇಲ್ಲಿ Pronoun (change) ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. I ಯಿಂದ Me, We ಯಿಂದ Us, He ಯಿಂದ Him, She ಯಿಂದ Her, They ಯಿಂದ Them.
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| I | Me | ನಾನು → ನನ್ನನ್ನು |
| We | Us | ನಾವು → ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು |
| You | You | ನೀನು → ನಿನ್ನನ್ನು |
| He | Him | ಅವನು → ಅವನನ್ನು |
| She | Her | ಅವಳು → ಅವಳನ್ನು |
| It | It | ಅದು → ಅದನ್ನು |
| They | Them | ಅವರು → ಅವರನ್ನು |
Always use V3 (Past Participle) in passive voice.
ಕರ್ಮಣಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ 3ನೇ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ (V3) ಬರುತ್ತದೆ.
Formula = Object + HV + (Be / Being / Been) + V3 + By + (Subject) Pronoun / Noun
ಕರ್ಮ + ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ + V3 + ಯಿಂದ + ಕರ್ತೃ ಸರ್ವನಾಮ / ನಾಮಪದ
Be / Being / Been — Uses
| Auxiliary | Passive Form | Auxiliary | Passive Form |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shall | Shall be | Am | Am being |
| Will | Will be | Is | Is being |
| Should | Should be | Are | Are being |
| Would | Would be | Was | Was being |
| Must | Must be | Were | Were being |
| Can | Can be | Have | Have been |
| Could | Could be | Has | Has been |
| May | May be | Had | Had been |
| Might | Might be | Shall have | Shall have been |
| — | — | Will have | Will have been |
Examples — ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು
- AV: I write a letter. → PV: A letter is written by me. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ → ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಬರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ.
- AV: He writes a letter. → PV: A letter is written by him. ಅವನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ → ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಅವನಿಂದ ಬರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ.
- AV: I wrote a letter. → PV: A letter was written by me. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆದೆನು → ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಬರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
- AV: I shall write the letter. → PV: The letter will be written by me. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುವೆನು → ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಬರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವುದು.
- AV: I am writing a letter. → PV: A letter is being written by me. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ → ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಬರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಿದೆ.
- AV: He was writing the letter. → PV: The letter was being written by him.
- AV: I have written the letters. → PV: The letters have been written by me.
- AV: She has gone to the market. → PV: The market has been gone by her.
- AV: They had given the books. → PV: The books had been given by them.
- AV: We shall have written a letter. → PV: A letter will have been written by us.
- AV: Rama defeated Ravan. → PV: Ravan was defeated by Rama.
- AV: Gopal is eating Mangoes. → PV: Mangoes are being eaten by Gopal.
- AV: They are taking those things. → PV: Those things are being taken by them.
- AV: You are selling these books. → PV: These books are being sold by you.
- AV: I have eaten an apple. → PV: An apple has been eaten by me.
- AV: He sings a song. → PV: A song is sung by him.
- AV: I delivered the message. → PV: The message was delivered by me.
- AV: They will play cricket. → PV: Cricket will be played by them.
Imperative → Passive — ಆಜ್ಞಾರ್ಥಕ → ಕರ್ಮಣಿ
Let + (Pronoun) + Be + Verb + (By Pronoun)
ಲೆಟ್ + ಸರ್ವನಾಮ + ಬಿ + ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ + (ಬೈ ಸರ್ವನಾಮ)
- AV: Help him. → PV: Let him be helped (by you). ಅವನಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡು → ಅವನಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯವಾಗಲಿ.
- AV: Do this work. → PV: Let this work be done (by you). ಈ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡು → ಈ ಕೆಲಸ ನಿನ್ನಿಂದ ಆಗಲಿ.
- AV: Punish him. → PV: Let him be punished (by you). ಅವನನ್ನು ದಂಡಿಸು → ಅವನು ದಂಡಿಸಲ್ಪಡಲಿ.
- AV: Advertise the post. → PV: Let the post be advertised. ಈ ಹುದ್ದೆಯನ್ನು ಜಾಹೀರಾತು ಮಾಡು → ಈ ಹುದ್ದೆ ಜಾಹೀರಾತಾಗಲಿ.
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | He writes a letter | A letter is written by him |
| Simple Past | He wrote a letter | A letter was written by him |
| Simple Future | He will write a letter | A letter will be written by him |
| Continuous Present | He is writing a letter | A letter is being written by him |
| Continuous Past | He was writing a letter | A letter was being written by him |
| Perfect Present | He has written a letter | A letter has been written by him |
| Perfect Past | He had written a letter | A letter had been written by him |
| Perfect Future | He will have written a letter | A letter will have been written by him |
| With Modals | He should write a letter | A letter should be written by him |
| — | He must write a letter | A letter must be written by him |
| — | He can do it | It can be done by him |
| — | She can solve this problem | This problem can be solved by her |
Passive with Different Prepositions
- AV: I know him. → PV: He is known to me.
- AV: He takes it. → PV: It is taken to him.
- AV: His behavior surprised me. → PV: I was surprised at his behaviour.
- AV: A thick layer of snow covers the mountain. → PV: The mountain is covered with a thick layer of snow.
Lesson 23
Direct & Indirect Speech
ಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷವಾಚಕ ಮತ್ತು ಅಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷವಾಚಕ
When two people speak and their words are repeated exactly as they said, it is called Direct Speech. When the same sentences are reported by a third person without quoting directly, it is called Indirect Speech.
ಇಬ್ಬರು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು ಮಾತನಾಡುವುದನ್ನು ಅವರು ನುಡಿದಂತೆಯೇ ಹೇಳಿದರೆ, ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಬಂದು ಹೇಳಿದರೆ ಅವುಗಳಿಗೆ ನೇರ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷವಾಚಕ (Direct Speech) ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಆದರೆ ಅವೇ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಮೂರನೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳದೇ ತನ್ನ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿದರೆ, ಅದು ಅಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷವಾಚಕ (Indirect Speech) ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ.
When converting Direct to Indirect: Remove the quotation marks, add that between the two sentences.
ಎರಡನೇ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ಅವತರಣ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ ( " ) ತೆಗೆದು ಎರಡು ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಮಧ್ಯ that ಎಂಬ ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯ ಪದ ಸೇರಿಸಬೇಕು.
A) Changes in Pronouns — ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | He / She | We | They |
| Me | Him / Her | You | I / We |
| My | His / Her | Us | Them |
| Our | Their | He / She | You |
B) Helping Verb Changes — ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Am | Was | Shall | Should |
| Is | Was | Will | Would |
| Are | Were | May | Might |
| Can | Could | Have / Has | Had |
C) Changes in Words — ಪದಗಳ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ
| Direct | Indirect | Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|---|---|
| This | That | Yesterday | The previous day |
| These | Those | Last night | Previous night |
| Thus | So | Tonight | That night |
| Now | Then | Hence | Thence |
| Here | There | Henceforth | Thenceforth |
| Today | That day | Come | Go |
| Tomorrow | Next day | Hither | Thither |
D) Reporting Verbs — ವರದಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು
- Asked — ಕೇಳಿದನು
- Told — ಹೇಳಿದನು
- Prayed — ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸಿದನು
- Advised — ಉಪದೇಶಿಸಿದನು
- Requested — ಕೋರಿದನು
- Ordered — ಆಜ್ಞಾಪಿಸಿದನು
Examples — ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು
- DS: Raju says, "Pooja writes a letter."
IS: Raju said that Pooja writes a letter. ಪೂಜಾ ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ ಎಂದು ರಾಜು ಹೇಳಿದನು. - DS: I say to him, "You are my helper."
IS: I told him that he is my helper. - DS: She said, "I am happy."
IS: She said that she was happy. ಅವಳು ಸಂತೋಷವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಳೆ ಎಂದು ಅವಳು ಹೇಳಿದಳು. - DS: Ashok said, "He is very good."
IS: Ashok said that he was very good. ಅಶೋಕ, ಅವನು ಬಹಳ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯವನು ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದನು. - DS: Raju said, "I will call you tomorrow."
IS: Raju said that he would call me the next day. ರಾಜು ನಾಳೆಯಂದು ಕರೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾನೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದನು. - DS: Rama said, "I shall come."
IS: Rama said that he would come. ರಾಮ ಅವನು ಬರುವೆನೆಂದು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದನು. - DS: Ravi said, "I have gone to Bangalore."
IS: Ravi said that he had gone to Bangalore. ರವಿಯು, ಅವನು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಿದ್ದನೆಂದು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದನು.
Asked — ಕೇಳಿದನು
- DS: He said to me, "Give me some money."
IS: He asked me to give him some money. - DS: Anil said to me, "You can do."
IS: Anil said that I could do. ನಾನು ಮಾಡಬಹುದಿತ್ತು ಎಂದು ಅನಿಲ್ ಹೇಳಿದನು.
Ordered — ಆಜ್ಞಾಪಿಸಿದನು
- DS: The teacher said, "Boys do not make noise."
IS: The teacher ordered the boys not to make noise. ಗದ್ದಲ ಮಾಡಬೇಡಿರೆಂದು ಹುಡುಗರಿಗೆ ಶಿಕ್ಷಕರು ಆಜ್ಞಾಪಿಸಿದ್ದರು.
Prayed — ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸಿದನು
- DS: Ravi said, "May God bless you with wealth."
IS: Ravi prayed that God bless me with wealth. ನನಗೆ ದೇವರು ಸಂಪತ್ತು ಕರುಣಿಸಲಿ ಎಂದು ರವಿ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸಿದನು.
Lesson 24
Modal Verbs
ಮೋಡಲ್ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು
A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express possibility, ability, permission or obligation.
ಮೋಡಲ್ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವು ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯ ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಅದನ್ನು ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ, ಅನುಮತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಬಾಧ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
| # | Modal | Kannada | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Should | ಬೇಕು | Optional advice.ಸಲಹೆ |
| 2 | Would | ಬೇಕು | Polite request.ವಿನಯದ ವಿನಂತಿ |
| 3 | Must | ಲೇ ಬೇಕು | Obligation.ಬಾಧ್ಯತೆ |
| 4 | May | ಬಹುದು | Polite request.ಅನುಮತಿ |
| 5 | Might | ಬಹುದಾಗಿತ್ತು | Possibility.ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ |
| 6 | Can | ಶಕ್ತಿವಿದೆ, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವಿದೆ | Ability.ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ |
| 7 | Could | ಬಲವಿತ್ತು, ಶಕ್ತಿವಿತ್ತು | Past ability.ಭೂತ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ |
| 8 | Dare to | ಧೈರ್ಯವಿರು | Courage to do something. |
| 9 | Need to | ಅವಶ್ಯಕತೆವಿದೆ | Necessity / requirement. |
| 10 | Ought to | ತಕ್ಕದ್ದು | Duty.ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ |
| 11 | Used to | ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸು | Past habit no longer true. |
| Modal | Functions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Can | Ability, request, possibility or doubt. | I can run very fast. · He can come with us. |
| Could | Ability in past, permission, possibility or suggestion. | I could run faster when I was younger. · Could you say it again? |
| May | Permission, future possibility. | They may go tomorrow. · May I come in? |
| Might | Present or future possibility or permission. | I might go home tonight. |
| Shall | Future plans, offer, suggestions or intention. | I shall go to college. · Shall I open the door? |
| Will | Certain prediction, willingness, desire or promise. | I will do my best in exam. |
| Should | Advice, prediction, recommendation or expectation. | You should learn English. |
| Would | Request, invitation, willingness or past habit. | I would be happy to assist. · Would you come again? |
| Must | Necessity, obligation or logical conclusion. | I must finish my homework by today. |
| Ought to | Strict recommendation or moral obligation. | You ought to apologize for your mistake. |
| Dare to | Ability or willingness to do something risky. | He will not dare to do that again. |
| Need to | Necessity or obligation. | I need to find a good lawyer. |
| Used to | Past actions no longer happening or true. | I used to learn English online. |
Examples — ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು
Positive Sentences:
- You should go. ನೀನು ಹೋಗಬೇಕು.
- He must go. ಅವನು ಹೋಗಲೇಬೇಕು.
- Ravi may visit here. ರವಿ ಇಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಭೇಟಿ ನೀಡಬಹುದು.
- I can read English. ನಾನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಓದಬಲ್ಲೆ.
- You ought to do that work. ನೀನು ಆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡತಕ್ಕದ್ದು.
Negative Sentences:
- I should not write. ನಾನು ಬರೆಯಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ.
- You would not come. ನೀನು ಬರಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ.
- He would not go. ಅವನು ಹೋಗಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ.
- She can't jump. ಅವಳು ಜಿಗಿಯುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಶಕ್ತಿ ಇಲ್ಲ.
- He must not go to market. ಅವನು ಮಾರ್ಕೆಟಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಲೇಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ.
- He need not to do. ಅವನು ಮಾಡುವ ಅವಶ್ಯಕತೆ ಇಲ್ಲ.
- She ought not to work. ಅವಳು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡತಕ್ಕದ್ದಲ್ಲ.
Positive Questions:
- May I go? ನಾನು ಹೋಗಬಹುದೇ?
- May he go? ಅವನು ಹೋಗಬಹುದೇ?
- Should he go? ಅವನು ಹೋಗಬೇಕೆ?
- Would she come? ಅವಳು ಬರಬೇಕೆ?
- Must they come? ಅವರು ಬರಲೇಬೇಕೆ?
- Can you work in office? ನೀನು ಕಚೇರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವೆಯಾ?
- Might I go to village? ನಾನು ಊರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಬಹುದಾಗಿತ್ತಾ?
Negative Questions:
- May I not go? ನಾನು ಹೋಗಬಹುದಾಗಿಲ್ಲವೆ?
- Should he not go? ಅವನು ಹೋಗಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲವೆ?
- Would she not come? ಅವಳು ಬರಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲವೆ?
- Can you not work? ನೀನು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ಶಕ್ತಿಯಿಲ್ಲವೆ?
Tense Forms — ಕಾಲ ರೂಪಗಳು
| Present | Past |
|---|---|
| I shall | I should |
| I will | I would |
| I can | I could |
| I may | I might |
| I have | I had |
Lesson 25
Affixes, Compound Words & Silent Letters
ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು, ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು, ಸೈಲೆಂಟ್ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳು
1. Prefixes — ಪೂರ್ವಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
Prefixes are added to the beginning of a root word.
ಪೂರ್ವಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳನ್ನು ಮೂಲ ಪದದ ಆರಂಭಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
| Prefix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| re | againಮತ್ತೆ | Rewrite, Return, Remake, Revalue, Rejoin |
| un | notಅಲ್ಲ | Unhappy, Undo, Unsafe, Unable, Unless |
| pre | beforeಮುಂಚೆ | Prepaid, Preface, Prefix, Prepare, President |
| dis | not, opposite ofವಿರುದ್ಧ | Dislike, Disrespect, Disable, Disagree |
| im | not, opposite ofವಿರುದ್ಧ | Impossible, Imbalance, Imperfect |
| non | notಅಲ್ಲ | Nonsense, Non-stop, None |
| mis | wrong, badತಪ್ಪಾಗಿ | Misunderstand, Misbehave, Mistake |
| semi | half, partlyಅರ್ಧ | Semicolon, Semifinal, Semicircle |
| super | beyond, aboveಮೇಲೆ | Superstar, Supermarket, Superman |
2. Suffixes — ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
Suffixes are added to the end of a root word.
ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳನ್ನು ಮೂಲ ಪದದ ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಸೇರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
| Suffix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -ion | A process, state or result.ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ | Decoration, Collection, Invention, Supervision |
| -ism | A belief or condition.ನಂಬಿಕೆ | Humanism, Idealism, Realism, Criticism |
| -ist | A person.ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ | Agriculturalist, Artist, Tourist, Journalist |
| -ment | An action or state.ಕ್ರಿಯೆ / ಸ್ಥಿತಿ | Agreement, Government, Management |
| -able | Able to be.ಸಾಧ್ಯ | Available, Agreeable, Considerable, Capable |
| -en | Made of.ನಿರ್ಮಿತ | Golden, Woolen, Strengthen, Wooden, Deepen |
| -ful | Full of.ಪೂರ್ಣ | Careful, Colorful, Beautiful, Helpful, Peaceful |
| -ible | Ability.ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ | Eligible, Accessible, Flexible, Incredible |
| -ly | Attached to noun.ಗುಣ | Slowly, Quickly, Lovely, Easily, Clearly, Neatly |
| -less | Without.ಇಲ್ಲದ | Careless, Endless, Helpless, Useless, Hopeless |
| -ance | An action or state.ಕ್ರಿಯೆ / ಸ್ಥಿತಿ | Importance, Distance, Allowance, Finance |
| -age | A result.ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ | Advantage, Weightage, Manage, Marriage |
| -ant | A person.ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ | Assistant, Servant, Applicant, Accountant |
| -ee | A person.ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ | Referee, Payee, Employee, Refugee |
| -ess | Feminine form.ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ | Princess, Lioness, Waitress, Hostess |
| -ery | A type or place of work.ಸ್ಥಳ / ಕೆಲಸ | Bakery, Delivery, Machinery, Greenery |
| -like | Similar to, like.ಹೋಲುವ | Childlike, Lifelike, Manlike, Sunlike |
| -some | A tendency to.ಪ್ರವೃತ್ತಿ | Handsome, Gladsome, Wholesome, Awesome |
| -ous | Full of.ಪೂರ್ಣ | Dangerous, Serious, Famous, Nervous, Various |
| -ing | An action or result.ಕ್ರಿಯೆ | Reading, Thinking, Understanding, Writing |
| -ship | State or condition.ಸ್ಥಿತಿ | Relationship, Friendship, Leadership, Worship |
| -er | Comparative form / person.ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ / ಹೋಲಿಕೆ | Engineer, Player, Teacher, Faster, Paper |
3. Compound Words — ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು
Two smaller words join together to make one new and larger word.
ಎರಡು ಸಣ್ಣ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು ಸೇರಿ ಒಂದು ಹೊಸ ಮತ್ತು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಶಬ್ದವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.
| Compound Word | Kannada | Compound Word | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hard-working | ಶ್ರಮಜೀವಿ | High Court | ಉಚ್ಚ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ |
| Ice cream | ಐಸ್ ಕ್ರೀಮ್ | Football | ಕಾಲ್ಚೆಂಡು |
| Clear cut | ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ | Sunglass | ಬಿಸಿಲ ಕನ್ನಡಕ |
| Self respect | ಸ್ವಾಭಿಮಾನ | Full time | ಪೂರ್ಣ ಸಮಯ |
| Living room | ವಾಸದ ಕೊಠಡಿ | Part time | ಅರೆ ಸಮಯ |
| Pick up | ಎತ್ತುಕೊಳ್ಳು | Toothbrush | ಹಲ್ಲುಜ್ಜುವ ಬ್ರಷ್ |
| Self control | ಸ್ವಯಂ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ | Ready made | ಸಿದ್ಧ |
| Self confidence | ಆತ್ಮವಿಶ್ವಾಸ | Post mortem | ಮರಣೋತ್ತರ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ |
| High school | ಪ್ರೌಢ ಶಾಲೆ | One six | ಒಂದು ಆರು |
| Primary school | ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಾಲೆ | North-East | ಈಶಾನ್ಯ |
4. Silent Letters — ಸೈಲೆಂಟ್ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳು
Silent letters are letters that appear in the spelling of words but are not pronounced when the word is spoken.
ಸೈಲೆಂಟ್ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳು ಪದದ ಕಾಗುಣಿತದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ, ಆದರೆ ಪದವನ್ನು ಉಚ್ಚರಿಸುವಾಗ ಉಚ್ಚರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
| # | Word | Silent Letter | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Knee | K | Initial silent letter |
| 2 | Talk | L | Middle silent letter |
| 3 | Dumb | B | Final / End silent letter |
| 4 | Knight | K and gh | — |
| 5 | Night | Gh | — |
| 6 | Wrong | W | — |
| 7 | Write | W | — |
| 8 | Psychology | P | — |
| 9 | Debt | B | — |
| 10 | Walk | L | — |
| 11 | Hour | H | — |
| 12 | Often | T | — |
Lesson 26
Common Errors & Clauses
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ತಪ್ಪುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
Common Errors — ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ತಪ್ಪುಗಳು
| ❌ Incorrect | ✅ Correct |
|---|---|
| Ravi are playing. | Ravi is playing. |
| How are you. | How are you? |
| Raju is a boy. She is playing cricket. | Raju is a boy. He is playing cricket. |
| Many boy are playing cricket. | Many boys are playing cricket. |
| She is married with an engineer. | She is married to an engineer. |
| You are better than him. | You are better than he. |
| He is weak for the last five days. | He has been weak for the last five days. |
| I am senior than you. | I am senior to you. |
| Who are you waiting now? | Whom are you waiting now? |
| My friend and myself are going to college. | My friend and I are going to college. |
| According to me, she was very good. | In my opinion, she was very good. |
| This is the key of my room. | This is the key to my room. |
| She has already wrote two letters. | She has already written two letters. |
Clauses — ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence or a part of a sentence.
ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯವು ಕರ್ತೃ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡ ಪದಗಳ ಗುಂಪಾಗಿದ್ದು, ವಾಕ್ಯ ಅಥವಾ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
| # | Type | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Independent Clauseಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯ | Can stand alone as a sentence.ಸ್ವಂತವಾಗಿ ನಿಲ್ಲಬಲ್ಲದು. | The dog barked. · He sings a song. |
| 2 | Dependent Clauseಅವಲಂಬಿತ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯ | Needs a main clause to make sense.ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯದ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದೆ. | Who will do this. · After we reached home. |
| 3 | Relative Clauseಸಂಬಂಧವಾಚಕ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯ | Modifies a noun; begins with a relative pronoun.ನಾಮಪದವನ್ನು ಮಾರ್ಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. | The cat, which is white, is my pet. |
| 4 | Noun Clauseನಾಮ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯ | Functions as a noun.ನಾಮಪದದಂತೆ ಕಾರ್ಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. | She knows that he is leaving. |
| 5 | Adverb Clauseಕ್ರಿಯಾ ವಿಶೇಷಣ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯ | Modifies a verb, adjective or adverb.ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವನ್ನು ಮಾರ್ಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. | He will go to the gym after he finishes his work. |
| 6 | Adjective Clauseವಿಶೇಷಣ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯ | Modifies a noun or pronoun.ನಾಮಪದವನ್ನು ಮಾರ್ಪಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. | The book that I borrowed is interesting. |
Part 4 · Sentences & Writing
Lesson 27
Kinds of Sentences
ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
I) Functional Sentences — ಕಾರ್ಯಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
A) Assertive Sentence — ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ
A sentence that tells about heavenly bodies or truthful facts of the world.
ಯಾವ ವಾಕ್ಯವು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಕಟುಸತ್ಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯಾಗಲೀ ಅಥವಾ ಆಕಾಶಕಾಯಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯಾಗಲೀ ಹೇಳುವುದೇ ಅದನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ.
- Truth is God. ಸತ್ಯವೇ ದೇವರು.
- Justice is God. ನ್ಯಾಯವೇ ದೇವರು.
- Belief is God. ನಂಬಿಕೆಯೇ ದೇವರು.
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is the father of our Indian Constitution. ಡಾ. ಬಿ. ಆರ್. ಅಂಬೇಡ್ಕರ್ ಅವರು ನಮ್ಮ ಭಾರತ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಪಿತಾಮಹ.
- One year consists 365 days. ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದಲ್ಲಿ 365 ದಿನಗಳು ಇರುತ್ತವೆ.
- The colour of the sky is blue. ಆಕಾಶ ನೀಲಿ ಬಣ್ಣದ್ದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.
- Diamond is the most precious of all. ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಲೋಹಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಜ್ರ ಅತಿ ಬೆಲೆಬಾಳುವುದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.
B) Positive Sentence — ಸಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ
A sentence that does not use No, Not or Never.
ಯಾವ ವಾಕ್ಯ 'ನೋ, ನಾಟ್, ಮತ್ತು ನೆವರ್' ಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲವೋ ಅದನ್ನು ಸಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ.
- I go to attend class. ನಾನು ತರಗತಿಗೆ ಹಾಜರಾಗಲು ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- Some of us have gone there. ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವರು ಅಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ.
- My father himself had advised me that night. ನನ್ನ ತಂದೆ ಆ ರಾತ್ರಿ ನನಗೆ ಬುದ್ಧಿಮಾತು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದರು.
C) Negative Sentence — ನಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ
A sentence that uses No, Not or Never.
ಯಾವ ವಾಕ್ಯವು "ನೋ, ನಾಟ್, ಮತ್ತು ನೆವರ್" ಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತದೆಯೋ ಅದನ್ನು ನಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ.
- We do not come to school. ನಾವು ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- He does not learn English. ಅವನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- I did not go to office. ನಾನು ಕಚೇರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.
- He will not do that work. ಅವನು ಆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
D) Interrogative Sentences — ಪ್ರಶ್ನಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
A sentence that asks a question directly, pronounced in an asking manner.
ಯಾವ ವಾಕ್ಯವು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅಥವಾ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹೃದಯಾಂತರಾಳದ ಭಾವನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಕೇಳುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ ಉಚ್ಚರಿಸುತ್ತದೆಯೇ ಅದನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಾರ್ಥಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ.
- Shall I come with you? ನಾನು ನಿನ್ನ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಬರುವೇನೋ?
- Is she not eating the food? ಅವಳು ಊಟ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ?
- Are you not cooking the food? ನೀನು ಅಡುಗೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ?
- Have you gone to Bangalore? ನೀನು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಿದ್ದಿಯಾ?
E) Imperative Sentence — ಆಜ್ಞಾರ್ಥಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ
A sentence that orders in a commanding manner, or requests politely.
ಯಾವ ವಾಕ್ಯವು ಸಭ್ಯ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮನವಿ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆಯೋ / ಗಂಭೀರವಾಗಿ ಆಜ್ಞೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆಯೋ ಅದನ್ನು ಆಜ್ಞಾರ್ಥಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ.
- Stand here. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಲ್ಲು.
- Come here. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾ.
- Shut your mouth. ನಿನ್ನ ಬಾಯಿ ಮುಚ್ಚು.
- Please, close the door. ದಯವಿಟ್ಟು ಬಾಗಿಲು ಮುಚ್ಚು.
- Come to school in time. ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾ.
F) Exclamatory Sentence — ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಸೂಚಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ
A sentence that expresses strong sudden feelings of joy, sorrow, happiness or excitement from the depth of the heart. It usually starts with ‘How’, ‘What’ and ends with an exclamation mark.
ಯಾವ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಹೃದಯ ಅಂತರಾಳದ ಭಾವನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂತೋಷ, ದುಃಖ, ಸಮಾಧಾನ, ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಿನಿಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆಯೋ ಅದನ್ನು ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಸೂಚಕ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ.
- How nicely you have spoken! ನೀನು ಎಷ್ಟೊಂದು ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮವಾಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡಿದೆಯಲ್ಲಾ!
- How excellent it was! ಅದು ಎಷ್ಟೊಂದು ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮವಾಗಿತ್ತು!
- How sad it is! ಅದು ಎಷ್ಟೊಂದು ದುಃಖಕರವಾಗಿದೆಯಲ್ಲ!
- What a strong girl she is! ಅವಳು ಎಷ್ಟೊಂದು ಬಲಿಷ್ಠ ಹುಡುಗಿ ಇದ್ದಾಳಲ್ಲ!
II) Structural Sentences — ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
| # | Type | Kannada | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Simple Sentence | ಸಾಧ ವಾಕ್ಯ | One subject and one predicate.ಒಂದು ಕರ್ತೃ ಮತ್ತು ಒಂದು ವಿಧೇಯ. |
| 2 | Compound Sentence | ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ವಾಕ್ಯ | Two main clauses joined.ಎರಡು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು. |
| 3 | Complex Sentence | ಮಿಶ್ರ ವಾಕ್ಯ | One main + one or more subordinate clauses.ಒಂದು ಮುಖ್ಯ + ಒಂದು/ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಧೀನ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು. |
| 4 | Compound Complex | ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಮಿಶ್ರ | Two or more independent + a dependent clause.ಎರಡು/ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ + ಒಂದು ಅವಲಂಬಿತ ಉಪವಾಕ್ಯ. |
Simple Sentence Examples:
- Ravi is writing a letter to friend. ರವಿ ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಗೆಳೆಯನಿಗೆ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
- She doesn't use a computer. ಅವಳು ಒಂದು ಗಣಕಯಂತ್ರ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- He will go to market by bus. ಅವನು ಮಾರ್ಕೆಟಿಗೆ ಬಸ್ಸಿನಿಂದ ಹೋಗುವನು.
Compound Sentence Examples:
- I may be poor, but I am honest.
- You may choose him or her.
- Both India and America should co-operate to all countries of the world.
- Neither Ravi nor Raju have acted like Vikas.
Complex Sentence Examples:
- He gets what he wants. ಅವನಿಗೆ ಏನು ಬೇಕೋ ಅದನ್ನು ಅವನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ.
- He doesn't agree, whoever they may be.
- As soon as I reached the railway station, the train left. ನಾನು ರೈಲು ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ಮುಟ್ಟಿದೆ ಎನ್ನುವಷ್ಟರಲ್ಲಿ, ರೈಲು ಬಿಟ್ಟಿತು.
- She is so weak that she can not stand even for 5 minutes. ಅವಳು 5 ನಿಮಿಷಗಳ ತನಕ ಸಹ ನಿಲ್ಲಲಾರದಷ್ಟು ಆಕೆ ದುರ್ಬಲಳಾಗಿದ್ದಾಳೆ.
Compound-Complex Sentence Examples:
- After I finish work, I will go to the gym, and I will meet my friend for dinner.
- Because I studied hard, I passed the exam, and I was so happy.
- She studied hard for her exam, but she still failed, because she didn't understand the study materials.
Lesson 28
Transformation of Sentences
ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆ
Sentences are interchanged or converted with one another — either in Functional or Structural sentences.
ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು ರಚನಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಾಗಲೀ / ಕಾರ್ಯಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಾಗಲೀ, ಅವು ಒಂದನ್ನೊಂದು ಬೇರೆ-ಬೇರೆ ಇತರ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆಯಾಗುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು "ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಪರಿವರ್ತನೆ" ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ.
A) Affirmative → Negative
- I read. → I don't read. ನಾನು ಓದುತ್ತೇನೆ → ನಾನು ಓದುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- He writes a letter. → He doesn't write a letter.
- You saw that person. → You didn't see that person.
- All were present. → None was present.
B) Interrogative → Affirmative
- Do I write? → I write.
- Did you write? → You wrote.
- Will you pass this exam? → You will pass this exam.
- Who doesn't know about him? → Everyone knows about him.
C) Imperative → Affirmative
- Help me now. → You must help me now.
- Come to school in time. → You have to come to school in time.
- Always speak truth. → You should always speak the truth.
D) Imperative → Interrogative
- Have dinner now. → Did you have your dinner now?
- Listen my words, please. → Are you listening to my words?
- Go to bed early, daily. → Why should we go to bed early, daily?
E) Negative Interrogative → Positive Interrogative
- Don't I write? → Do I write?
- Doesn't he work? → Does he work?
- Will you not come to school? → Will you come to school?
- Is he not going to Bangalore? → Is he going to Bangalore?
F) Exclamatory → Positive
- How tremendous it was! → It was very tremendous.
- What a wonderful thing this is! → It was a wonderful thing.
- What an obedient student he is! → He is an obedient student.
G) Simple → Compound
- We must eat to live. → We must eat to live, or we can't live.
- Be good and you will be happy. → Be good and you will be happy.
- Tell the truth to be far from punishment. → Tell the truth, or you will be punished.
H) Complex → Compound
- Although he worked very hard, he didn't succeed. → He worked very hard, but didn't succeed.
- If you come fast, you will get. → Come fast, else you will not get.
- Though he is clever, till now he hasn't got success. → He is very clever, but till now he hasn't got success.
I) Simple → Complex
- Geeta is too weak to walk even for five minutes. → Geeta is so weak that she can not walk even for five minutes.
- Seeing the presence of my father at home, I talked with him. → I talked with him, when my father was in the home.
- Seeing the presence of my friend at college, I didn't tell with Ravi. → I didn't tell with Ravi, when my friend was in the college.
Lesson 29
Self & Causative Verbs
'ಸ್ವತಃ' ಪದಗಳ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾರಣ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು
Self Sentences — 'ಸ್ವತಃ' ಪದಗಳ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
1. Self can be separated from the subject and placed at the end of the sentence.
Self ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ವಾಕ್ಯದೊಳಗಿನ ಕರ್ತೃಪದದಿಂದ ಬೇರೆ ಮಾಡಿ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಬರೆಯುವ ಪರಿಪಾಠ ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿದೆ.
- I do not want it myself. ಅದು ಸ್ವಂತ ನನಗೆ ಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ.
2. After possessive forms of I, You, He, She, It — use own instead of self.
I, You, He, She, It ಇವುಗಳ ಷಷ್ಠಿ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿಯ ಮುಂದೆ self ಎಂಬುದರ ಬದಲು own ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುವರು.
- That is my own book. ಅದು ನನ್ನ ಸ್ವಂತ ಪುಸ್ತಕ.
- This is my own house. ಇದು ನನ್ನ ಸ್ವಂತ ಮನೆ.
3. When self is used in the object position, it means "ನನಗೆ ನಾನೇ / ತನಗೆ ತಾನೇ".
ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿಯ ಕರ್ಮ ಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿ self ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ವಾಕ್ಯ ರಚಿಸಿದಾಗ ನನಗೆ ನಾನೇ, ತನಗೆ ತಾನೇ ಎಂಬ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.
- I am speaking myself. ನನ್ನಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ನಾನೇ ಮಾತನಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ.
- He is cooking himself. ಅವನು ತಾನೇ ಸ್ವತಃ ಅಡುಗೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾನೆ.
More Examples:
- I myself am studying. ನಾನೇ ಸ್ವತಃ ಓದುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
- You yourselves are studying. ನೀನೇ ಸ್ವತಃ ಓದುತ್ತಾ ಇರುತ್ತಿ.
- He himself is studying. ಅವನು ತಾನೇ ಓದುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
- She herself is reading. ಅವಳು ತಾನೇ ಓದುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾಳೆ.
- It itself is eating. ಅದು ತಾನೇ ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತಾ ಇದೆ.
- We ourselves are discussing. ನಮ್ಮಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ನಾವೇ ಚರ್ಚೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇವೆ.
- They themselves are working. ಅವರು ತಾವೇ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ.
Causative Verbs — ಕಾರಣ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು
Causative verbs are used when one person or thing is a stimulus that enables or causes someone or something else to carry out the main action.
ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ವಿಷಯವು ಪ್ರಚೋದನೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಕಾರಣವಾದ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಅದು ಯಾರನ್ನಾದರೂ ಒಂದು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಕ್ರಿಯಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಅಥವಾ ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
1. LET — ಬಿಡು (Allow / give permission)
Let + Object + Verb (without to)
ಲೆಟ್ + ಕರ್ಮ + ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ (to ಇಲ್ಲದೆ)
- Let me write. ನನಗೆ ಬರೆಯಲು ಬಿಡು.
- Let him go. ಅವನಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಲು ಬಿಡು.
- Let us learn English. ನಾವು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯೋಣ.
- Let them play cricket. ಅವರನ್ನು ಕ್ರಿಕೆಟ್ ಆಟ ಆಡಲು ಬಿಡು.
- Let me know. ನನಗೆ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಬಿಡು.
Let’s = Let us — used for suggestion.
ಸೂಚನೆ ತಿಳಿಸಲು ಇದನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಬೇಕು.
- Let's write. ಬರೆಯೋಣ.
- Let's start. ನಾವು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸೋಣ.
- Let's finish our exam. ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸೋಣ.
- Let's meet again tomorrow. ನಾವು ಮತ್ತೆ ನಾಳೆ ಸೇರೋಣ.
| LET | LET'S |
|---|---|
| Let me talk — ನನಗೆ ಮಾತನಾಡಲು ಬಿಡು | Let's talk — ಮಾತನಾಡೋಣ |
| Let her make — ಅವಳು ಮಾಡಲಿ | Let's make — ಮಾಡೋಣ |
| Let him think — ಅವನು ಯೋಚಿಸಲಿ | Let's clean up — ಸ್ವಚ್ಛಗೊಳಿಸೋಣ |
| Let him share — ಅವನು ಹಂಚಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಿ | Let's have fun — ಮೋಜು ಮಾಡೋಣ |
2. MAKE — ಮಾಡಿಸು (Force someone to do something)
Make + Object + Verb
ಮೇಕ್ + ಕರ್ಮ + ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ
- I make you angry. ನಾನು ನಿನ್ನನ್ನು ಸಿಟ್ಟು ತರಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- The police made them surrender. ಪೋಲಿಸರು ಅವರನ್ನು ಶರಣಾಗುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿದರು.
- Make it stop! ಅದನ್ನು ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿ!
- Don't make her cry. ಅವಳನ್ನು ಅಳಿಸಬೇಡ.
- I am making him write. ನಾನು ಅವನಿಂದ ಬರೆಯಿಸುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
3. HAVE — ಹೊಂದಿವೆ (Give someone responsibility)
Have + Object + Verb
ಹ್ಯಾವ್ + ಕರ್ಮ + ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ
- I have a pen. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪೆನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದೇನೆ / ನನ್ನ ಬಳಿ ಒಂದು ಪೆನ್ನು ಇದೆ.
- I don't have a house at Ashok Nagar. ನಾನು ಅಶೋಕ್ ನಗರದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಮನೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿಲ್ಲ.
- They had good characters. ಅವರು ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದರು.
4. GET — ಪಡೆ (Convince someone to do something)
Get + Person + To + Verb
ಗೆಟ್ + ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ + ಟು + ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ
- I will get my hair cut next week. ಮುಂದಿನ ವಾರ ನನ್ನ ಕೂದಲನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- Pooja got her friend to cook for the party. ಪಾರ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅಡುಗೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಪೂಜಾ ತನ್ನ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತೆಯನ್ನು ಪಡೆದಳು.
- I got him to fix my computer. ನನ್ನ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಲು ನಾನು ಅವನನ್ನು ಕೇಳಿದೆ.
5. HELP — ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡು (Assist someone)
Help + Person + Base form (V1) or Help + Person + To + V1
ಹೆಲ್ಪ್ + ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ + V1 ಅಥವಾ ಹೆಲ್ಪ್ + ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ + ಟು + V1
- I helped him write the book. ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆಯಲು ನಾನು ಅವನಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿದೆ.
- I helped him to write the book. ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಬರೆಯಲು ನಾನು ಅವನಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿದೆ.
- This book has helped me to improve my English. ಈ ಪುಸ್ತಕವು ನನ್ನ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಸುಧಾರಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿದೆ.
- Music helps me to fall asleep. ಸಂಗೀತ ನನಗೆ ನಿದ್ದೆ ಬರಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
Other Causative Verbs
| # | Causative Verb | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bring about — To cause something to happen | The new plan brought about changes. |
| 2 | Cause — To make something happen | The corruption caused the destruction to human life. |
| 3 | Create — To bring something into existence | The artist created a beautiful painting. |
| 4 | Induce — To persuade or influence | The teacher induced the students to participate in the discussion. |
| 5 | Lead to — To cause something to happen | The company's financial problems led to its bankruptcy. |
Lesson 30
Conversation & Dialogue
ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆ / ಮಾತುಕತೆ / ಸಂವಾದ
A conversation between two or more persons is called a dialogue. This is an everyday social activity — people exchange greetings, interact about their whereabouts, professions, hobbies and daily routines.
ಇಬ್ಬರು ಅಥವಾ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಯನ್ನು ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಸಂವಾದವು ದೈನಂದಿನ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಜನರು ಭೇಟಿಯಾದಾಗ ಅವರು ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಶುಭಾಶಯಗಳು, ವಿನಿಮಯ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಅವರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸಂವಹನ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಾರೆ, ವೃತ್ತಿಗಳು, ಹವ್ಯಾಸಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಸಂವಾದ ದಿನಚರಿಗಳು ಆಗಿವೆ.
1. Teacher & Ravi Dialogue
| Speaker | Dialogue | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Teacher | How are you today? | ಇಂದು ಹೇಗಿದ್ದೀಯಾ? |
| Ravi | I am well. | ನಾನು ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿದ್ದೇನೆ. |
| Teacher | What's your name? | ನಿನ್ನ ಹೆಸರು ಏನು? |
| Ravi | My name is Ravi. | ನನ್ನ ಹೆಸರು ರವಿ. |
| Teacher | How old are you? | ನಿನ್ನ ವಯಸ್ಸು ಎಷ್ಟು? |
| Ravi | I am 25 years old. | ನನಗೆ 25 ವರ್ಷ. |
| Teacher | Where are you from? | ನೀನು ಎಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಬಂದವನು? |
| Ravi | I am from Karnataka. | ನಾನು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದವನು. |
| Teacher | Where were you born? | ನೀನು ಎಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದೆ? |
| Ravi | I was born in Bangalore. | ನಾನು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದೆ. |
| Teacher | Where do you live? | ನೀನು ಎಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತೀಯಾ? |
| Ravi | I live in Mumbai. | ನಾನು ಮುಂಬೈನಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ. |
| Teacher | Are you married? | ನೀನು ಮದುವೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದೀಯಾ? |
| Ravi | No, I am not. | ಇಲ್ಲ, ನಾನು ಮದುವೆಯಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. |
| Teacher | Do you have any children? | ನಿನಗೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳಿದ್ದಾರೆಯೇ? |
| Ravi | No, I don't. | ಇಲ್ಲ, ಇಲ್ಲ. |
| Teacher | What do you do? | ನೀನು ಏನು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತೀಯಾ? |
| Ravi | I am a teacher. | ನಾನು ಶಿಕ್ಷಕ. |
| Teacher | Do you like sports? | ನಿನಗೆ ಕ್ರೀಡೆಗಳು ಇಷ್ಟವೇ? |
| Ravi | Yes, I am a huge running & swimming fan. | ಹೌದು, ನಾನು ಓಟ ಮತ್ತು ಈಜು ಅಭಿಮಾನಿ. |
| Teacher | Do you have any siblings? | ನಿನಗೆ ಒಡಹುಟ್ಟಿದವರಿದ್ದಾರೆಯೇ? |
| Ravi | Yes, I have two brothers and one sister. | ಹೌದು, ನನಗೆ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಸಹೋದರರು ಮತ್ತು ಒಬ್ಬ ಸಹೋದರಿ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ. |
| Teacher | What's your favourite colour? | ನಿನ್ನ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಬಣ್ಣ ಯಾವುದು? |
| Ravi | I like blue. | ನಾನು ನೀಲಿ ಇಷ್ಟಪಡುತ್ತೇನೆ. |
| Teacher | Can you speak other languages? | ನೀನು ಬೇರೆ ಭಾಷೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾತನಾಡಬಲ್ಲೆಯಾ? |
| Ravi | Yes, I speak Kannada. | ಹೌದು, ನಾನು ಕನ್ನಡ ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತೇನೆ. |
2. Interview Introduction — ಸಂದರ್ಶನ ಪರಿಚಯ
Good Morning Sir/Madam. First of all, thank you for giving me this opportunity to introduce myself. I am Ravi Verma. My father's name is Mohan Verma. He is a teacher. My mother is a housewife. I was born in Kalaburagi in 2006. I am living at Bangalore City, State Karnataka. I have two brothers and one sister. Coming to my education background — I studied PUC Commerce in R.K. PUC College, Bangalore. I completed my B.Com Degree in 2010 from Bangalore University and also completed M.Com in 2012 from Mumbai University. After that I completed a Basic Computer Program in 2013 from S.K. Institute. I worked as a Clerk in Tata Company for one year. Now, I have been working as a Manager in Ashok Industry for one year. My strengths are self-motivating, strong communication skills, hardworking and dedicated to my work. I belong to a nuclear family. My hobbies are cooking, reading books & newspapers, watching TV serials, doing meditation, listening to music and singing songs. My short-term goal is to get a job in a reputed company and my long-term goal is to achieve a good position in my work field. Lastly, I am a quick learner and believe in learning from my past mistakes and experience. Thank you Sir/Madam for giving me an opportunity at this time. Thank you once again.
3. Daily Life Routine — ದೈನಂದಿನ ಜೀವನ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳು
Every day, I wake up at 5 o'clock in the morning. First, I brush my teeth and I take bath at 6 AM and get ready by 7 AM. Then, I have breakfast with my family. I take the bus to work every morning. On the way, I listen to music or read the newspaper for half an hour. Sometimes, I stop at a coffee shop for a drink. I work from 9 o'clock to 5 o'clock. At noon, I take a lunch break at my office. After work, I go for a walk or do some exercise. I enjoy jogging in the park. I go home and have dinner. On weekends, I like to visit friends or family. I also enjoy cooking, working with my family at home. In the evening, I relax by watching TV, spending time with my family. Before bed, I prepare for the next day, and I go to bed at 10 o'clock. This is my daily routine.
4. Salesman & Customer
| Speaker | Dialogue |
|---|---|
| Salesman | Good morning, madam, can I help you? |
| Customer | Yes, I have a complaint. |
| Salesman | Yes, please. |
| Customer | I bought this Laptop from your shop. It doesn't work properly. |
| Salesman | Let me see. What is the problem, madam? |
| Customer | The Laptop makes too much noise and doesn't work fine. And the mouse doesn't move properly. |
| Salesman | I see. Does it have a guarantee? |
| Customer | Yes, one year. |
| Salesman | Do you have the receipt? |
| Customer | Yes, here it is. |
| Salesman | All right, madam. Leave the Laptop with us. I will send it to the Company's workshop for repair. |
| Customer | Can't you change the piece or refund the money? |
| Salesman | We will change the piece if the fault can't be repaired. But we can't refund the money. |
| Customer | When should I come back? |
| Salesman | Next Friday. |
| Customer | All right, thank you. |
5. Talking to a Doctor
| Speaker | Dialogue | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Patient | Good morning doctor. | ಶುಭೋದಯ ಡಾಕ್ಟರ್. |
| Doctor | Good morning, please sit down. Yes, what's the problem? | ಶುಭೋದಯ, ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳಿ. ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಏನು? |
| Patient | I have fever and cold, sore throat. | ನನಗೆ ಜ್ವರ ಮತ್ತು ಶೀತ, ಗಂಟಲು ನೋವು ಇದೆ. |
| Doctor | Let me see. Open your mouth, please. Yes, there is infection. How much is the fever? | ನೋಡೋಣ. ಬಾಯಿ ತೆರೆಯಿರಿ. ಹೌದು, ಸೋಂಕು ಇದೆ. ಜ್ವರ ಎಷ್ಟು? |
| Patient | It was average sick when I started from home. | ನಾನು ಮನೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಡುವಾಗ ಸಾಧಾರಣವಾಗಿತ್ತು. |
| Doctor | It's the same even now. Are you feeling cold? | ಈಗಲೂ ಅದೇ ರೀತಿ ಇದೆ. ಚಳಿ ಅನಿಸುತ್ತಿದೆಯೇ? |
| Patient | Not much, but a little bit. | ಹೆಚ್ಚಲ್ಲ, ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ. |
| Doctor | Do you have cough? | ಕೆಮ್ಮು ಇದೆಯೇ? |
| Patient | Yes, especially at night. I can't sleep because of it. | ಹೌದು, ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ರಾತ್ರಿ. ಅದರಿಂದ ನಿದ್ದೆ ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. |
| Doctor | Any other problem? | ಬೇರೆ ಏನಾದರೂ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಇದೆಯೇ? |
| Patient | I have a headache. | ನನಗೆ ತಲೆನೋವು ಇದೆ. |
| Doctor | That's because of fever. O.K. Take these capsules two daily for five days and these tablets five hourly for two days. | ಅದು ಜ್ವರದಿಂದ. ಸರಿ. ಈ ಕ್ಯಾಪ್ಸೂಲ್ಗಳನ್ನು ದಿನಕ್ಕೆ ಎರಡು ಬಾರಿ ಐದು ದಿನ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಿ. |
| Patient | How to make the medicine? | ಔಷಧಿ ಹೇಗೆ ತಯಾರಿಸಬೇಕು? |
| Doctor | With warm water. Also this cough mixture five hourly. | ಬೆಚ್ಚಗಿನ ನೀರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ. ಈ ಕೆಮ್ಮಿನ ಮಿಶ್ರಣವನ್ನೂ ಐದು ಗಂಟೆಗೊಮ್ಮೆ. |
| Patient | Any restrictions about food? | ಆಹಾರದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಏನಾದರೂ ನಿರ್ಬಂಧಗಳಿವೆಯೇ? |
| Doctor | Don't eat oily or spicy food. Avoid cold water and cold drinks that will irritate the throat. Take rest and you will be alright in two-three days. | ಎಣ್ಣೆ ಅಥವಾ ಖಾರದ ಆಹಾರ ತಿನ್ನಬೇಡಿ. ಗಂಟಲಿಗೆ ಕಿರಿಕಿರಿ ಮಾಡುವ ತಣ್ಣೀರು ಮತ್ತು ತಣ್ಣನೆಯ ಪಾನೀಯಗಳನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಿ. ವಿಶ್ರಾಂತಿ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಿ, ಎರಡು-ಮೂರು ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. |
| Patient | O.K. Doctor, thank you very much. | ಸರಿ ಡಾಕ್ಟರ್, ತುಂಬಾ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು. |
6. Questions & Answers with do / does
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where do you live? | I live in Bangalore. |
| What do you do? | I am an employee in the Bank. |
| Where does he go to school? | He goes to Guru Vidya High School. |
| What kind of movies do you like? | I like action movies. |
| Who do you meet? | I meet my friend. |
| What do you purchase? | I purchase a computer. |
| When do you come to house? | I come to house at 9 PM. |
| How do you go to school? | I go to school by car. |
7. Questions & Answers with did
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where did you go? | I went to see a movie. |
| What did you buy? | I bought a shirt. |
| Who did you meet? | I met my friend. |
| How did you make it? | I knew how to make it. |
| When did you buy it? | I bought it yesterday. |
| When did you get home? | I arrived 5 minutes ago. |
| How long did you stay? | I was there for an hour. |
8. Short Answers Table
| Question | Affirmative | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Do you like tea? | Yes, I do. | No, I don't. |
| Do I need a Computer or Laptop? | Yes, you do. | No, you don't. |
| Do you both like Ice Cream? | Yes, we do. | No, we don't. |
| Do they like apple? | Yes, they do. | No, they don't. |
| Does he like apple? | Yes, he does. | No, he doesn't. |
| Does it have four wheels? | Yes, it does. | No, it doesn't. |
| Did you like tea? | Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. |
| Did he like apple? | Yes, he did. | No, he didn't. |
9. Common English Questions & Answers
| English Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Do you know him? | Yes, I know him. |
| How are you feeling? | I am all right. |
| What do you do? | I am a student. |
| When is your birthday? | In April, 20th day. |
| How old are you? | I am 25 years old. |
| Why are you laughing? | Because I am happy. |
| Where are you from? | I am from India. |
| Where do you live? | I live in Bangalore. |
| What time is it? | It's 8 o'clock. |
| Can I help you? | No, thanks. |
| Whose bag is this? | This is Vinod's bag. |
| Why are you sad? | Because I didn't get a Job. |
| When will you arrive? | I will arrive this evening. |
Lesson 31
Polite vs Impolite Words
ಸಭ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಅಸಭ್ಯ ಪದಗಳು
| # | Impolite Sentence | Polite Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sit down. | Please have a seat. |
| 2 | You are wrong. | You might be mistaken. |
| 3 | Leave me alone. | Could you please give me a minute? |
| 4 | Send me the report. | Could you send me the report? |
| 5 | I don't want to come. | Thanks for the invite, but I won't be able to make it. |
| 6 | Let me talk. | Excuse me! May I add something here? |
| 7 | This food is terrible. | I am not a big fan of this dish. |
| 8 | I can't do it. | I wish I could help, but I am unavailable right now. |
| 9 | That is a bad idea. | I am not so sure that is a good idea. |
| 10 | Can I borrow your pencil? | Could I borrow your pencil? |
| 11 | Come here. | Could you come here? |
| 12 | What? | Could you repeat that, please? |
| 13 | I want another tea. | I would like another tea. |
| 14 | Who are you? | May I have your name? |
| 15 | Can I say something? | Can I just say something here, please? |
| 16 | Yeah! | Yes Sir! |
| 17 | I can't come. | I am unable to come. |
| 18 | What's your name? | May I have your name please? |
| 19 | Close the door. | Can you close the door? |
| 20 | I need your phone. | Do you mind if I use your phone? |
| 21 | You are older than him. | You are elder than him. |
| 22 | Death. | End. |
| 23 | Private Parts. | Sexual Organs. |
| 24 | You didn't explain this point. | I didn't understand this point. |
What will you say in these situations?
1. You have touched a person in the crowd by mistake. — I am sorry.
2. You are addressing an assistant in the shop for help. — Excuse me.
3. You didn't catch what your client said. — Pardon? ಜನಸಂದಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಪ್ಪಾಗಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಿದರೆ — I am sorry. · ಅಂಗಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಾಯಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಸಹಾಯಕನನ್ನು ಸಂಬೋಧಿಸುವಾಗ — Excuse me. · ಕ್ಲೈಂಟ್ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಅರ್ಥವಾಗದಿದ್ದರೆ — Pardon?
1. You have touched a person in the crowd by mistake. — I am sorry.
2. You are addressing an assistant in the shop for help. — Excuse me.
3. You didn't catch what your client said. — Pardon? ಜನಸಂದಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಪ್ಪಾಗಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಮುಟ್ಟಿದರೆ — I am sorry. · ಅಂಗಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಾಯಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಸಹಾಯಕನನ್ನು ಸಂಬೋಧಿಸುವಾಗ — Excuse me. · ಕ್ಲೈಂಟ್ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ಅರ್ಥವಾಗದಿದ್ದರೆ — Pardon?
Lesson 32
One Word Substitutes
ಅನೇಕ ಶಬ್ದಗಳ ಬದಲು ಒಂದೇ ಶಬ್ದ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ
Instead of saying many words, one precise word is used. This is very useful in letter writing, telegram messages and technical writing.
ಒಂದರಡೇ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳುವ ಮಾತನ್ನು ಅನೇಕ ಶಬ್ದಗಳ ಒಂದು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿದರೆ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ಅಪವ್ಯಯವಾಗುವುದಲ್ಲದೇ, ಸಮಯದ ನಷ್ಟವೂ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅನೇಕ ಶಬ್ದಗಳ ಬದಲು ಒಂದೇ ಶಬ್ದದ ಉಪಯೋಗ ಪ್ರಚಲಿತವಾಗಿದೆ.
| # | Word | Meaning | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Autobiography | Life story of a man written by himself. | ಆತ್ಮಕಥೆ |
| 2 | Aggressor | A person who attacks first. | ಆಕ್ರಮಣಿಕಾರ |
| 3 | Catalogue | A list of books. | ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ |
| 4 | Colleague | A co-worker in the same institution. | ಸಹೋದ್ಯೋಗಿ |
| 5 | Democracy | Government of the people, for the people, by the people. | ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ |
| 6 | Bilingual | People who speak two languages. | ಎರಡು ಭಾಷೆ ಮಾತನಾಡಬಲ್ಲ |
| 7 | Egotist | A person who always thinks of himself. | ಅಹಂಭಾವಿ |
| 8 | Honorary | A post which doesn't carry any salary. | ಗೌರವಾನ್ವಿತ ಸ್ಥಾನ |
| 9 | Illegal | That which is against law. | ಅಕ್ರಮ |
| 10 | Illiterate | A person who cannot read or write. | ನಿರಕ್ಷರಿ |
| 11 | Irritable | A man who is easily irritated. | ಶೀಘ್ರ ಕೋಪಿ |
| 12 | Irrelevant | Not to the point. | ಅಸಂಗತ |
| 13 | Invisible | That which cannot be seen. | ಕಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ಕಾಣದ |
| 14 | Inaudible | That which cannot be heard. | ಕೇಳಿಸಲಾರದ |
| 15 | Illicit | A trade which is prohibited by law. | ಅಕ್ರಮ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ |
| 16 | Inflammable | Liable to catch fire easily. | ಜ್ವಲನಶೀಲ |
| 17 | Monarchy | Government by one. | ಅರಸೊತ್ತಿಗೆ |
| 18 | Kidnap | To carry away a person forcibly. | ಅಪಹರಣ |
| 19 | Medieval | Belonging to the middle ages. | ಮಧ್ಯಕಾಲೀನ |
| 20 | Manuscript | Handwritten pages of a literary work. | ಕೈ ಬರಹದ ಪ್ರತಿ |
| 21 | Synonyms | Words which have the same meaning. | ಸಮಾನಾರ್ಥಕ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು |
| 22 | Smuggler | Importer / exporter of goods without paying customs duty. | ಕಳ್ಳ ಸಾಗಣೆದಾರ |
| 23 | Vegetarian | One who eats vegetables only. | ಸಸ್ಯಾಹಾರಿ |
| 24 | Zoology | The science dealing with the life of animals. | ಪ್ರಾಣಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ |
| 25 | Insolvent | One who is unable to pay his debts. | ದಿವಾಳಿ |
Lesson 33
Idioms & Proverbs
ನುಡಿಗಟ್ಟುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಗಾದೆಗಳು
Idioms — ನುಡಿಗಟ್ಟುಗಳು
Idioms are phrases which cannot be understood simply by looking at the meaning of the individual words. A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words.
ಭಾಷಾವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯಗಳು ಪದಗುಚ್ಛಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಪದಗಳ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ನೋಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಸರಳವಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ. ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಪದಗಳಿಂದ ಕಳೆಯಲಾಗದ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವಂತೆ ಬಳಕೆಯಿಂದ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಲಾದ ಗುಂಪು ನುಡಿಗಟ್ಟುಗಳು.
| Idiom | Meaning | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| Our school is at a stone's throw from the railway station. | Very near. | ನಮ್ಮ ಶಾಲೆ ರೈಲ್ವೆ ಸ್ಟೇಷನ್ನಿಂದ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪವೇ ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿದೆ. |
| I have no hand in this matter. | No involvement. | ನಾನು ಈ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಏನೂ ಕೈ ಹಾಕಿಲ್ಲ. |
| You cannot throw dust into my eyes. | You cannot cheat me. | ನೀನು ನನ್ನನ್ನು ವಂಚಿಸಲಾರೆ. |
| He had a narrow escape. | Barely escaped. | ಅವನು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾರಾದ. |
| The news spread like wildfire. | Spread very fast. | ಸುದ್ದಿ ಬಹು ಬೇಗನೆ ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ಹರಡಿತು. |
| Do not back out from your promise. | Do not go back on a promise. | ನಿನ್ನ ವಚನದಿಂದ ಹಿಂದೆ ಸರಿಯಬೇಡ. |
| Do not meddle with the affairs of others. | Do not interfere. | ಬೇರೆಯವರ ವಿಷಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೈ ಹಾಕಬೇಡ. |
| He lives from hand to mouth. | Very poor condition. | ಅವನು ಬಹಳ ಬಡತನ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ. |
| Do not build castles in the air. | Do not daydream. | ಮನಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಂಡಿಗೆ ಮಾಡಬೇಡ. |
| He always blows his own trumpet. | Self-praise. | ಅವನು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ತನ್ನ ಮಾತಿನ ತುತೂರಿಯನ್ನು ಊದುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ. |
| See eye to eye. | Fully agree. | ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆ. |
| Caught red-handed. | Caught in the act. | ಕೃತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಬಿದ್ದ. |
| Ball is in your court. | Your decision. | ನಿಮ್ಮ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ. |
| Hit the books. | Study hard. | ಕಷ್ಟಪಟ್ಟು ಓದು. |
| Piece of cake. | Very easy. | ಬಹಳ ಸುಲಭ. |
| Cost an arm and a leg. | Very expensive. | ಬಹಳ ದುಬಾರಿ. |
| Under the weather. | Feeling sick or unwell. | ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯ. |
| Pull someone's leg. | Joke or tease someone. | ಯಾರನ್ನಾದರೂ ತಮಾಷೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು. |
| Keep your chin up. | Stay positive and hopeful. | ಧೈರ್ಯವಾಗಿರು. |
| Burn the midnight oil. | Work late into the night. | ರಾತ್ರಿ ತಡವಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡು. |
| Bite the bullet. | Face a tough situation bravely. | ಕಠಿಣ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಧೈರ್ಯದಿಂದ ಎದುರಿಸು. |
Proverbs — ಗಾದೆಗಳು
An English proverb is a short, pithy statement that usually offers life advice, wisdom, or a truth.
ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಗಾದೆಯು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಜೀವನ ಸಲಹೆ, ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ಸತ್ಯವನ್ನು ನೀಡುವ ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾದ, ಕರುಣಾಜನಕ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಯಾಗಿದೆ.
| # | Proverb | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Think before you speak. | ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಮೊದಲು ಯೋಚಿಸಿ. |
| 2 | A good heart is worth gold. | ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಹೃದಯವು ಚಿನ್ನದ ಮೌಲ್ಯದ್ದಾಗಿದೆ. |
| 3 | Health is wealth. | ಆರೋಗ್ಯವೇ ಸಂಪತ್ತು. |
| 4 | Empty vessels sound much. | ಖಾಲಿ ಪಾತ್ರೆಯೇ ಭೇಷ್ಟಿ ಧ್ವನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. |
| 5 | Prevention is better than cure. | ರೋಗಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತಡೆಗಟ್ಟುವಿಕೆ ಉತ್ತಮವಾಗಿದೆ. |
| 6 | A blind man is no judge of colours. | ಕುರುಡನು ಬಣ್ಣಗಳ ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರನಲ್ಲ. |
| 7 | Business first and pleasure next. | ಮೊದಲು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಮುಂದಿನದು ನಂತರ ಸಂತೋಷ. |
| 8 | Humanity is the mother of all virtue. | ಮಾನವೀಯತೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸದ್ಗುಣಗಳ ತಾಯಿ. |
| 9 | Unity is strength. | ಒಗ್ಗಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಬಲವಿದೆ. |
| 10 | Look before you leap. | ನಿಲ್ಲುವ ಮೊದಲು ನೋಡಿ. |
| 11 | All is well that ends well. | ಎಲ್ಲವೂ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ, ಅದು ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. |
| 12 | Selfless service is happiness. | ನಿಸ್ವಾರ್ಥ ಸೇವೆಯೇ ಸುಖದ ದಾರಿ. |
| 13 | Slow and steady wins the race. | ತಾಳ್ಮೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಥಿರತೆ ಜಯಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. |
| 14 | No pains, no gains. | ಶ್ರಮವಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಫಲವಿಲ್ಲ. |
| 15 | Time once past cannot be recalled. | ಕಳೆದುಹೋದ ಸಮಯ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. |
| 16 | Beauty needs no ornaments. | ಸೌಂದರ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಆಭರಣಗಳ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ. |
| 17 | A nod to the wise and a rod to the foolish. | ಜಾಣನಿಗೆ ಮಾತಿನ ಭೇಷ್ಟಿ, ದಡ್ಡನಿಗೆ ದೊಣ್ಣೆಯ ಭೇಷ್ಟಿ. |
| 18 | Truth is always bitter. | ಸತ್ಯ ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಕಹಿಯಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. |
| 19 | While in Rome do as Romans do. | ರೋಮ್ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗ ರೋಮನರಂತೆಯೇ ನಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಿ. |
| 20 | Money begets money. | ಹಣ ಹಣವನ್ನು ತರುತ್ತದೆ. |
| 21 | An idle man's brain is devil's workshop. | ಮೈಗಳ್ಳನ ಮೆದುಳು ಸೈತಾನನ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ. |
| 22 | Where there is a will, there is a way. | ಮನಸ್ಸಿದ್ದರೆ ಮಾರ್ಗ. |
| 23 | Practice makes man perfect. | ಅಭ್ಯಾಸವು ಮನುಷ್ಯನನ್ನು ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. |
| 24 | There is no smoke without fire. | ಬೆಂಕಿಯಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಹೊಗೆಯಿಲ್ಲ. |
| 25 | Silence is half consent. | ಮೌನವೇ ಸಮ್ಮತಿಯ ಲಕ್ಷಣ. |
| 26 | Work is worship. | ಕಾಯಕವೇ ಕೈಲಾಸ. |
| 27 | Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. | ಸೌಂದರ್ಯವು ನೋಡುಗರ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ. |
| 28 | Never judge by appearance. | ಮುಖ ನೋಡಿ ಮಣಿ ಹಾಕಬೇಡ. |
| 29 | Saying is easier than doing. | ಹೇಳುವುದು ಸುಲಭ, ಮಾಡುವುದು ಕಷ್ಟ. |
| 30 | Haste makes waste. | ಅವಸರವೇ ಅವಘಾತಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣ. |
| 31 | Many a little makes a mickle. | ಹನಿ ಹನಿ ಕೂಡಿದರೆ ಹಳ್ಳ. |
| 32 | It takes in excess even nectar is poison. | ಅತಿಯಾದರೆ ಅಮೃತವೂ ವಿಷ. |
| 33 | Honesty is the best policy. | ಪ್ರಾಮಾಣಿಕತೆ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ನೀತಿ. |
| 34 | Laughter is the best medicine for all diseases. | ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಯಿಲೆಗಳಿಗೂ ನಗು ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಔಷಧಿ. |
| 35 | Hear more but talk less. | ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ಕೇಳಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ ಆದರೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾತನಾಡಿ. |
Lesson 34
Phrases & Phrasal Verbs
ಪದಗುಚ್ಛಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಗುಚ್ಛಗಳು
Types of Phrases — ಪದಗುಚ್ಛಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
| # | Type | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun Phraseನಾಮ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | The blue river · a bird · the little boy · that new red car |
| 2 | Verb Phraseಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | Is writing quickly · Get up · Come back · Look up · Go on · Take off |
| 3 | Adjective Phraseವಿಶೇಷಣ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | Very tall · very slow · The man is very happy |
| 4 | Adverb Phraseಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | Quite slowly · every month · She is ready to forgive him |
| 5 | Prepositional Phraseಉಪಸರ್ಗ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | Under table · at home · out of date |
| 6 | Participial Phraseಕೃದಂತ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | Running through the park · He stood near the barking dog |
| 7 | Infinitive Phraseಅಪೂರ್ಣ ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | To read a book · I need you to quickly respond |
| 8 | Gerund Phraseಕ್ರಿಯಾ ನಾಮ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | Swimming in the ocean · Drinking tea in the evening |
| 9 | Absolute Phraseಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | Being a friend, I can advise you. |
| 10 | Appositive Phraseಸಮಾನಾರ್ಥಕ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛ | My friend, the doctor · Akash, my best friend, is very hard working |
Phrasal Verbs — ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಗುಚ್ಛಗಳು
| # | Phrasal Verb | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Go back | Return |
| 2 | Go out | Leave |
| 3 | Go on and on | Talk a lot |
| 4 | Go around | Turn / Revolve |
| 5 | Go by | Pass |
| 6 | Go down | Decrease |
| 7 | Go off | Leave |
| 8 | Go on | Continue |
| 9 | Go along with | Agree |
| 10 | Go in | Enter |
| 11 | Go for | Try / Choose |
| 12 | Go up | Increase |
| 13 | Go ahead | Start / Continue |
| 14 | Go away | Leave / Travel |
| 15 | Go up against | Oppose |
| Phrasal Verb | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Take off | Remove | Take off your shoes. |
| Give up | To stop trying | Don't give up on your dreams. |
| Bring back | To return | Bring back my book. |
| Hold on | To wait | Hold on a minute. |
| Cut off | To disconnect | The phone was cut off. |
| Call off | To cancel | They called off the meeting. |
| Look for | To search for | I am looking for my keys. |
| Get along | Farewell / Have a good relationship | We get along well. |
Lesson 35
Synonyms, Antonyms & Homonyms
ಸಮಾನಾರ್ಥಕ, ವಿರುದ್ಧಾರ್ಥಕ, ಸಮಾನರೂಪದ ಪದಗಳು
Synonyms — ಸಮಾನಾರ್ಥಕ ಪದಗಳು
| Word | Synonyms | Word | Synonyms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good | Great, Nice, Fine, Well-Behaved | Easy | Simple |
| Quick | Fast | Start | Begin |
| Give | Donate, Present, Offer | Woman | Lady |
| Shut | Close | Finish | End |
| Gather | Collect, Accumulate, Compile | Bring | Carry |
| Great | Outstanding, Remarkable | Large | Big |
| Rich | Wealthy | Job | Task |
| Empty | Vacant | Home | House |
| Gain | Acquire, Obtain, Receive | Country | Nation |
| Mad | Mental | Hurt | Injured |
| Smart | Bright, Intelligent | Beautiful | Gorgeous |
| Happy | Joyful | Old | Ancient |
| New | Fresh | Hard | Tough |
| Win | Victory | Delicious | Tasty |
Antonyms — ವಿರುದ್ಧಾರ್ಥಕ ಪದಗಳು
| Word | Antonym | Word | Antonym |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Low | Show | Hide |
| Busy | Lazy | Import | Export |
| Open | Close | Agree | Disagree |
| Educate | Uneducate | Birth | Death |
| Healthy | Sick | Admit | Deny |
| Safe | Unsafe | Employee | Unemployed |
| Win | Lose | Connect | Disconnect |
| Strong | Weak | Equal | Unequal |
| Presence | Absence | Comfort | Discomfort |
| Credit | Debit | Accept | Refuse |
| Above | Below | Give | Take |
| Rich | Poor | Clean | Dirty |
| Good | Bad | Fat | Thin |
| Earn | Spend | Honest | Dishonest |
| Add | Subtract | Like | Dislike / Hate |
| Profit | Loss | Complete | Incomplete |
| Able | Unable | — | — |
Homonyms — ಸಮಾನರೂಪದ ಪದಗಳು
| Word | Meaning 1 | Meaning 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Light | ಬೆಳಕು | ಹಗುರ |
| Left | ಎಡಬದಿ | ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಬಿಡು |
| Bat | ಬ್ಯಾಟು | ಬಾವಲಿ |
| Right | ಬಲ / ಸರಿ | ಹಕ್ಕು |
| Well | ಒಳ್ಳೆಯದು | ಬಾವಿ / ಕ್ಷೇಮ |
| Word | ಪದ | ಮಾತು / ಭಾಷೆ |
| Bear | ಕರಡಿ | ಸಹಿಸು |
| Book | ಪುಸ್ತಕ | ಕಾದಿರಿಸು |
| Seal | ಮುದ್ರೆ ಹಾಕು | ಮೊಹರು |
| Mind | ಮನಸ್ಸು | ಬುದ್ಧಿ |
| Letter | ಅಕ್ಷರ | ಪತ್ರ |
Homophones — ಸಮಾನೋಚ್ಛಾರದ ಪದಗಳು
| # | Word 1 | Word 2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Diary — ದಿನಚರಿ ಪುಸ್ತಕ | Dairy — ಹೈನುಗಾರಿಕೆ ಮನೆ |
| 2 | Advice — ಸಲಹೆ | Advise — ಬುದ್ಧಿಹೇಳು |
| 3 | Stationary — ಸ್ಥಿರ | Stationery — ಲೇಖನ ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿ |
| 4 | Decent — ಯೋಗ್ಯ | Descent — ಅವರೋಹಣ |
| 5 | Its — ಅದರ | It's — ಇದು |
| 6 | There — ಅಲ್ಲಿ | Their — ಅವರ |
| 7 | Knight — ಸರದಾರ | Night — ರಾತ್ರಿ |
| 8 | Written — ಬರೆದ | Return — ಹಿಂತಿರುಗಿ |
| 9 | New — ಹೊಸದಾದ | Knew — ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು |
| 10 | Be — ಇರು | Bee — ಜೇನುನೊಣ |
| 11 | By — ಮೂಲಕ | Buy — ಖರೀದಿಸು |
| 12 | Whole — ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ | Hole — ರಂಧ್ರ |
| 13 | Hear — ಕೇಳು | Here — ಇಲ್ಲಿ |
| 14 | Son — ಮಗ | Sun — ಸೂರ್ಯ |
| 15 | Know — ತಿಳಿ | Now — ಈಗ |
| 16 | Some — ಕೆಲವು | Sum — ಮೊತ್ತ |
| 17 | Right — ಬಲ / ಸರಿ | Write — ಬರೆ |
| 18 | Principal — ಪ್ರಾಂಶುಪಾಲ | Principle — ತತ್ತ್ವ |
| 19 | See — ನೋಡು | Sea — ಸಮುದ್ರ |
| 20 | Two — ಎರಡು | To — ಗೆ |
| 21 | Meet — ಭೇಟಿಯಾಗು | Meat — ಮಾಂಸ |
| 22 | Sale — ಮಾರಾಟ | Sail — ನೌಕಾಯಾನ |
| 23 | Hair — ಕೂದಲು | Hare — ಮೊಲ |
| 24 | Ate — ತಿಂದರು | Eight — ಎಂಟು |
Lesson 36
Vocabulary – World, Body & More
ಪದಸಂಪತ್ತು – ಜಗತ್ತು, ಶರೀರ ಮತ್ತು ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು
Nature & World — ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು
| English | Kannada | English | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Earth | ಭೂಮಿ | Hills | ಗುಡ್ಡಗಳು |
| World | ಜಗತ್ತು | Earthquake | ಭೂಕಂಪ |
| Land | ಭೂಮಿ | Universe | ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ |
| Air | ಗಾಳಿ | Gravity | ಗುರುತ್ವಾಕರ್ಷಣೆ |
| Water | ನೀರು | Weather | ಹವಾಮಾನ |
| Stone | ಕಲ್ಲು | Volcano | ಅಗ್ನಿಪರ್ವತ |
| Sand | ಮರಳು | Cyclone | ಸುಳಿಗಾಳಿ |
| Sea | ಸಮುದ್ರ | Water Vortex | ನೀರಿನ ಸುಳಿ |
| River | ನದಿ | Black Hole | ಕಪ್ಪು ಕುಳಿ |
| Sky | ಆಕಾಶ | Sunlight | ಬಿಸಿಲು |
| Rain | ಮಳೆ | Heat | ಶಾಖ |
| Mud | ಮಣ್ಣು | Lightning | ಮಿಂಚು |
| Star | ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ | Thunder | ಗುಡುಗು |
| Flood | ಪ್ರವಾಹ | Thunderbolt | ಸಿಡಿಲು |
| Power | ಶಕ್ತಿ | Electricity | ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ |
| Fire | ಬೆಂಕಿ | Moon | ಚಂದ್ರ |
| Island | ದ್ವೀಪ | Sun | ಸೂರ್ಯ |
| Cold | ಶೀತ | Gas | ಅನಿಲ |
| Fog | ಮಂಜು | Hydrogen | ಜಲಜನಕ |
| Ice | ಮಂಜುಗಡ್ಡೆ | Helium | ಹೀಲಿಯಂ |
| Mountain | ಪರ್ವತ | Carbon | ಇಂಗಾಲ |
| Stream | ಹಳ್ಳ | Nitrogen | ಸಾರಜನಕ |
| Rainbow | ಕಾಮನಬಿಲ್ಲು | Oxygen | ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ |
| Mineral | ಖನಿಜ | Radiation | ವಿಕಿರಣ |
| Waves | ಅಲೆಗಳು | Climate | ಹವಾಮಾನ |
| Rock | ಬಂಡೆಕಲ್ಲು | Solar System | ಸೌರಮಂಡಲ |
| Cloud | ಮೋಡಗಳು | Galaxy | ತಾರಾಗಣ |
| Plant | ಸಸ್ಯ | Current | ಪ್ರವಾಹ |
| Tree | ಮರ | Environment | ಪರಿಸರ |
| Forest | ಕಾಡು | Milky Way | ಕ್ಷೀರಪಥ |
| Snow | ಹಿಮ | — | — |
Parts of the Body — ಶರೀರದ ಅಂಗಗಳು
| English | Kannada | English | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Head | ತಲೆ | Chest | ಎದೆ |
| Brain | ಮೆದುಳು | Stomach | ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ |
| Eye | ಕಣ್ಣು | Finger | ಕೈ ಬೆರಳು |
| Lip | ತುಟಿ | Thumb | ಹೆಬ್ಬೆರಳು |
| Teeth | ಹಲ್ಲು | Toe | ಕಾಲು ಬೆರಳು |
| Cheeks | ಕೆನ್ನೆಗಳು | Heel | ಹಿಮ್ಮಡಿ |
| Neck | ಕುತ್ತಿಗೆ | Blood | ರಕ್ತ |
| Shoulder | ಭುಜ | Nail | ಉಗುರು |
| Ear | ಕಿವಿ | Nose | ಮೂಗು |
| Throat | ಗಂಟಲು | Back | ಬೆನ್ನು |
| Mouth | ಬಾಯಿ | Foot | ಪಾದ |
| Face | ಮುಖ | Hair | ಕೂದಲು |
| Skin | ಚರ್ಮ | Hand | ಕೈ |
| Kidney | ಮೂತ್ರಕೋಶ | Bone | ಎಲುಬು |
| Skull | ತಲೆಬುರಡೆ | Liver | ಪಿತ್ತಕೋಶ |
| Lung | ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶ | Nerve | ನರ |
| Forehead | ಹಣೆ | Joint | ಕೀಲು |
| Tongue | ನಾಲಿಗೆ | Heart | ಹೃದಯ |
| Knee | ಮೊಣಕಾಲು | Lap | ತೊಡೆ |
| Elbow | ಮೊಣಕೈ | — | — |
Relations — ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು
| English | Kannada | English | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Father | ತಂದೆ | Father-in-law | ಮಾವ |
| Mother | ತಾಯಿ | Mother-in-law | ಅತ್ತೆ |
| Brother | ಅಣ್ಣ / ತಮ್ಮ | Brother-in-law | ಭಾವ / ಮೈದುನ |
| Sister | ಅಕ್ಕ / ತಂಗಿ | Sister-in-law | ಅತ್ತಿಗೆ / ನಾದಿನಿ |
| Son | ಮಗ | Son-in-law | ಅಳಿಯ |
| Daughter | ಮಗಳು | Daughter-in-law | ಸೊಸೆ |
| Uncle | ಚಿಕ್ಕಪ್ಪ / ದೊಡ್ಡಪ್ಪ | Step-father | ಮಲ ತಂದೆ |
| Aunty | ಚಿಕ್ಕಮ್ಮ / ದೊಡ್ಡಮ್ಮ | Step-mother | ಮಲ ತಾಯಿ |
| Husband | ಗಂಡ | Step-brother | ಮಲ ಅಣ್ಣ |
| Wife | ಹೆಂಡತಿ | Step-sister | ಮಲ ತಂಗಿ |
| Nephew | ಸಹೋದರನ ಮಗ | Child | ಮಗು |
| Niece | ಸಹೋದರನ ಮಗಳು | Grand Son | ಮೊಮ್ಮಗ |
| Grand Father | ಅಜ್ಜ / ತಾತ | Grand Daughter | ಮೊಮ್ಮಗಳು |
| Grand Mother | ಅಜ್ಜಿ | Friend / Enemy | ಗೆಳೆಯ / ಶತ್ರು |
Animals — ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು
| English | Kannada | English | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ass | ಕತ್ತೆ | Jackal | ನರಿ |
| Bear | ಕರಡಿ | Kangaroo | ಕಾಂಗರೂ |
| Buffalo | ಎಮ್ಮೆ | Lion | ಸಿಂಹ |
| Bull | ಹೋರಿ / ಗೂಳಿ | Lamb | ಕುರಿಮರಿ |
| Boar | ಕಾಡು ಹಂದಿ | Leopard | ಚಿರತೆ |
| Cat | ಬೆಕ್ಕು | Monkey | ಕೋತಿ |
| Camel | ಒಂಟೆ | Mouse | ಇಲಿ |
| Crocodile | ಮೊಸಳೆ | Mongoose | ಮುಂಗುಸಿ |
| Cow | ಆಕಳು | Ox | ಎತ್ತು |
| Calf | ಕರು | Panther | ಚಿರತೆ |
| Dog | ನಾಯಿ | Pig | ಹಂದಿ |
| Deer | ಜಿಂಕೆ | Puppy | ನಾಯಿಮರಿ |
| Donkey | ಕತ್ತೆ | Rat | ಇಲಿ |
| Elephant | ಆನೆ | Ram | ಟಗರು |
| Fox | ನರಿ | Rabbit | ಮೊಲ |
| Goat | ಮೇಕೆ / ಆಡು | Sheep | ಕುರಿ |
| Giraffe | ಜಿರಾಫೆ | Snake | ಹಾವು |
| Horse | ಕುದುರೆ | Zebra | ಪಟ ಕುದುರೆ |
Birds — ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು
| English | Kannada | English | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bat | ಬಾವಲಿ | Kite | ಗಿಡುಗ / ಗಾಳಿಪಟ |
| Cock | ಹುಂಜ | Kingfisher | ಮಿಂಕುಳ್ಳಿ |
| Crane | ಕ್ರೇನ್ | Owl | ಗೂಬೆ |
| Crow | ಕಾಗೆ | Pigeon | ಪಾರಿವಾಳ |
| Cuckoo | ಕೋಗಿಲೆ | Peacock | ನವಿಲು |
| Duck | ಬಾತುಕೋಳಿ | Swan | ಹಂಸ |
| Dove | ಪಾರಿವಾಳ | Sparrow | ಗುಬ್ಬಚ್ಚಿ |
| Eagle | ಹದ್ದು | Vulture | ರಣಹದ್ದು |
| Hen | ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಕೋಳಿ | Parrot | ಗಿಳಿ |
Fruits — ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳು
| English | Kannada | English | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apple | ಸೇಬು | Mango | ಮಾವು |
| Amla | ನೆಲ್ಲಿಕಾಯಿ | Muskmelon | ಕರಬೂಜ |
| Annona | ಸೀತಾಫಲ | Neem Fruit | ಬೇವಿನಕಾಯಿ |
| Avocado | ಅವಕಾಡೊ | Orange | ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ |
| Banana | ಬಾಳೆಹಣ್ಣು | Olive | ಆಲಿವ್ |
| Coconut | ತೆಂಗಿನಕಾಯಿ | Pineapple | ಅನಾನಸ್ |
| Date | ಖರ್ಜೂರ | Plum | ಪ್ಲಮ್ |
| Fig | ಅಂಜೂರ | Pumpkin | ಕುಂಬಳಕಾಯಿ |
| Grape | ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ | Papaya | ಪಪ್ಪಾಯಿ |
| Guava | ಸೀಬೆ / ಪೇರಲ | Pear | ಹೇರಳೆ |
| Jackfruit | ಹಲಸು | Pomegranate | ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ |
| Jambolan | ನೇರಳೆ | Sapodilla | ಸಪೋಟ |
| Jujube | ಬೋರೇಕಾಯಿ | Strawberry | ಸ್ಟ್ರಾಬೆರಿ |
| Kiwi | ಕಿವಿ ಹಣ್ಣು | Tamarind | ಹುಣಸೆ ಹಣ್ಣು |
| Lemon | ನಿಂಬೆ | Watermelon | ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ |
Professions & Occupations — ವೃತ್ತಿಗಳು
| English | Kannada | English | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| Teacher | ಶಿಕ್ಷಕರು | Cooker | ಅಡುಗೆ ಮಾಡುವವರು |
| Judge | ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರು | Watchman | ಕಾವಲುಗಾರ |
| Lawyer | ನ್ಯಾಯವಾದಿಗಳು | Mechanic | ಕುಶಲ ಕೆಲಸಗಾರ |
| Singer | ಗಾಯಕ | Contractor | ಗುತ್ತಿಗೆದಾರ |
| Musician | ಸಂಗೀತಗಾರ | Builder | ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪಿ |
| Potter | ಕುಂಬಾರ | Washerman | ಅಗಸ |
| Carpenter | ಬಡಗಿ | Accountant | ಲೆಕ್ಕಿಗ |
| Barber | ಕ್ಷೌರಿಕ | Postman | ಅಂಚೆಪೇದೆ |
| Landlord | ಜಮೀನ್ದಾರ | Dancer | ನರ್ತಕಿ / ನರ್ತಕ |
| Farmer | ರೈತ | Actor | ನಟ |
| Labour | ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ | Cleaner | ಸ್ವಚ್ಛಗೊಳಿಸುವವರು |
| Goldsmith | ಅಕ್ಕಸಾಲಿಗ | Driver | ಚಾಲಕ |
| Shepherd | ಕುರಿಗಾಯಿ | Conductor | ನಿರ್ವಾಹಕ |
| Weaver | ನೇಕಾರ | Politician | ರಾಜಕಾರಣಿ |
| Milkmaid | ಹಾಲು ಮಾರುವವಳು | Artist | ಕಲಾವಿದ |
| Officer | ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ | Writer | ಬರಹಗಾರ |
| Scientist | ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿ | Editor | ಸಂಪಾದಕ |
| Doctor | ವೈದ್ಯರು | Typist | ಬೆರಳಚ್ಚುಗಾರ |
| Nurse | ದಾದಿ | Printer | ಮುದ್ರಕ |
| Engineer | ಅಭಿಯಂತರ | Painter | ಚಿತ್ರಗಾರ |
| Tailor | ಬಟ್ಟೆ ಹೊಲೆಯುವವರು | Merchant | ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ |
| Physician | ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಕ | Broker | ಮಧ್ಯವರ್ತಿ |
| Soldier | ಸೈನಿಕ | Retailer | ಚಿಲ್ಲರೆ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ |
| Police | ಆರಕ್ಷಕ | Peon | ಜವಾನ |
| Sweeper | ಸ್ವಚ್ಛತಾ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ | Photographer | ಛಾಯಾಗ್ರಾಹಕ |
Lesson 37
Letter Writing
ಪತ್ರ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ
Letter writing is an art. It reflects the qualities of the writer. Letters act as mediators for the exchange of our feelings, ideas and thoughts. A letter should be clear, direct and correct — there should be no unnecessary words.
ಪತ್ರ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ಕಲೆ. ಅದು ಬರಹಗಾರನ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಪತ್ರಗಳು ನಮ್ಮ ಭಾವನೆಗಳು, ಕಲ್ಪನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಆಲೋಚನೆಗಳ ವಿನಿಮಯಕ್ಕೆ ಮಧ್ಯವರ್ತಿಗಳಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಪತ್ರವು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ, ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಸರಿಯಾಗಿರಬೇಕು — ಅನಗತ್ಯ ಪದಗಳು ಇರಬಾರದು.
Types of Letters — ಪತ್ರಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು
- Personal Letters ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಪತ್ರಗಳು
- Official Letters ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಪತ್ರಗಳು
- Business Letters ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಪತ್ರಗಳು
- Application Letters for Jobs ಉದ್ಯೋಗಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಜಿ ಪತ್ರಗಳು
1. Sick Leave Application to School
To,
The Head Master,
Ramabai Primary & High School,
Vidya Nagar, Tq-Dist-Kalaburagi-585103.
Date: 19-08-2024
Subject: Application for sick leave.
Respected Sir/Madam,
With due respect, I am here to inform you that I am a student of 10th Class. I am sick and suffering from fever since last night. So, I can't come to school. The doctor has advised me to take three days rest. Hence, kindly grant me leave for three days from 21-08-2024 to 23-08-2024. I shall be thankful to you.
Thanking You.
Your's Student,
(Ravi M.)
Class - 10th Standard
Roll No - 38
2. Application for Transfer of Bank Account
To,
The Branch Manager,
SBI Bank, Vidya Nagar Branch,
Kalaburagi-585103.
Subject: Application for transfer of bank account to another branch.
Respected Sir/Madam,
With reference to the above cited subject, my name is Raju S/o Prashant. I am an account holder of your bank. My account number is 32812108. Due to my job transfer / address change, I would like to transfer my bank account from your branch to Super Market Branch. Branch Code - 20223. So, I request you to please transfer my bank account to Super Market Branch. I will always be grateful for this.
Thanking You,
Yours Sincerely,
Signature - (Akash K. M.)
Bheem Nagar
Mobile No -
3. Application for Education Loan
To,
The Branch Manager,
Bank of India, Gandhi Nagar Branch,
Bangalore - 560009.
Subject: Application for Education Loan.
Respected Sir/Madam,
I am an account holder of your branch for the past five years. My account number is 23890012. I am writing this request letter to apply for a student loan to pursue my higher studies. I have recently completed my Bachelor's degree in B.Com from Bangalore University, Bangalore. Now, I want to pursue my MBA degree from Mumbai University, Mumbai. Due to financial problems, I am unable to afford the cost.
Therefore, I request you to kindly provide me the education loan of Rs.5 Lakh so that I can pay my fees and continue my study.
Thanking you.
Yours Sincerely.
Signature
(Mahesh K. P.)
Mobile No.
4. Letter to Father Requesting Money
To,
Ashok Verma,
Ambedkar Nagar,
Bangalore - 560009.
Date: 08-05-2025
Dear Father,
I hope you are doing well. How is mother and everyone at home? I miss you all very much and hope to see you soon.
I wanted to ask if you could send me some money. I need to buy new books for studies, and they are very important for my upcoming exams. Having these books will help me a lot, and I will be able to study better with them.
Thank you so much for always helping me with everything I need. I am very lucky to have you.
Your Loving Son/Daughter,
(Your Name)
Signature
Mobile No.
5. Application for the Position of Manager
To,
The HR Manager,
Tata Company,
Bangalore.
Subject: Application for the position of Manager.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for the position of Manager at your company. I have recently completed my Degree from Mumbai University.
I am a quick learner, hardworking, and excited to start my career in a dynamic and growth-oriented environment like yours. During my studies, I gained basic knowledge and skills related to this job. I am also good at working in a team and solving problems.
I would be grateful for the opportunity. Please find my resume attached for your review. Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
(Ravi M.)
Jaya Nagar, Bangalore.
Mail: ravimk@gmail.com
Lesson 38
Essay, Story & Figures of Speech
ಪ್ರಬಂಧ, ಕಥೆ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳು
Essay Writing — ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ
The essay writing process consists of three main stages: Preparation (decide on topic, research, outline), Writing (introduction, body with evidence, conclusion), and Revision.
ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಬರವಣಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯು ಮೂರು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಹಂತಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ: ಸಿದ್ಧತೆ (ವಿಷಯ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿ, ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ, ರೂಪರೇಖೆ), ಬರವಣಿಗೆ (ಪರಿಚಯ, ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಭಾಗ, ತೀರ್ಮಾನ) ಮತ್ತು ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆ.
There are 4 categories of essays:
- Argumentative ವಾದಾತ್ಮಕ
- Expository ವಿವರಣಾತ್ಮಕ
- Narrative ನಿರೂಪಣಾತ್ಮಕ
- Descriptive ವರ್ಣನಾತ್ಮಕ
1. Essay on Mobile Phone — ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಫೋನ್ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ
Mobile Phone is often also called "cellular smart phone". It is a device mainly used for exchanging information and data — voice call, message chat. Today, with the help of a mobile phone, we can easily talk or video chat with any person, anywhere across the globe, by just moving our fingers. Today mobile phones are available in various shapes and sizes, having different technical specifications, and are used for a number of purposes like calling, text messaging, voice call, video call, multimedia messaging, internet browsing, email, video games, photography and any app usage. Hence it is called a 'Smart Phone'.
Advantages — ಅನುಕೂಲಗಳು
- Keeps us connected — talk, video chat with anyone. ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಸಂಪರ್ಕದಲ್ಲಿಡುತ್ತದೆ.
- Day to Day Communicating — live traffic, weather updates, cab booking. ದೈನಂದಿನ ಸಂವಹನ.
- Entertainment for All — music, movies, favourite shows. ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಮನರಂಜನೆ.
- Managing Office Work — meetings, documents, presentations, alarms. ಕಚೇರಿ ಕೆಲಸ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ.
- Mobile Banking — payments, transfers, account details. ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಿಂಗ್.
Disadvantages — ಅನಾನುಕೂಲಗಳು
- Wasting Time — addiction to surfing, games. ಸಮಯ ವ್ಯರ್ಥ.
- Making Us Non-communicable — less meet, more chat. ಕಡಿಮೆ ಭೇಟಿ, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಚಾಟ್.
- Loss of Privacy — information accessible via social media. ಗೌಪ್ಯತೆ ನಷ್ಟ.
- Money Wastage — high spending on smart phones. ಹಣ ವ್ಯರ್ಥ.
2. Essay on Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan translates to Clean India Mission. This drive was formulated to cover all the cities and towns of India to make them clean. This campaign was administered by the Indian government and was introduced by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. It was launched on 2nd October in order to honor Mahatma Gandhi's vision of a Clean India. The cleanliness campaign was run on a national level and encompassed all the towns, rural and urban. It served as a great initiative in making people aware of the importance of cleanliness.
Objectives: To build sanitary facilities for all households, eliminate open defecation, provide hand pumps, proper drainage systems, bathing facilities, promote cleanliness, and teach citizens to dispose of waste mindfully. India needs this cleanliness drive to eradicate dirtiness and improve the quality of life of rural citizens. If all citizens come together and participate, India will soon flourish.
3. Essay on Health — ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ
Health is the primary thing after which everything else follows. When you maintain good health, everything else falls into place. Health has a lot of components that carry equal importance — physical, mental, social and cognitive health. If even one of them is missing, a person cannot be completely healthy.
Physical Health: Maintain a balanced diet, exercise daily, avoid junk food, do not smoke or drink, take adequate sleep. Mental Health: Be positive and meditate. Social Health: Communicate well with others, attend social gatherings. Cognitive Health: Eat healthily and play brain games like chess and puzzles.
Physical health alone is not everything. We must not treat mental illnesses as a taboo — a laughing person does not equal a happy person.
ದೈಹಿಕ ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಮಾತ್ರ ಎಲ್ಲವೂ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಮಾನಸಿಕ ಆರೋಗ್ಯವನ್ನೂ ಗಂಭೀರವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಬೇಕು.
4. Essay on Pollution — ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ
Pollution means the manifestation of any unsolicited foreign substance in something. When we talk about pollution on earth, we refer to the contamination of natural resources by various pollutants. This is mainly caused by human activities. Pollution affects the quality of life more than one can imagine. Increased carbon dioxide leads to global warming. Water pollution causes a shortage of drinking water. Land pollution turns soil toxic.
Types: Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Soil Pollution.
How to Reduce: Use public transport or carpool, avoid firecrackers, adopt recycling, plant more trees, limit fertilizer use, ban industries from dumping waste into oceans and rivers.
How to Reduce: Use public transport or carpool, avoid firecrackers, adopt recycling, plant more trees, limit fertilizer use, ban industries from dumping waste into oceans and rivers.
5. Essay on Trees — ಮರಗಳ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ
Trees are our best friends because they clean the air we breathe. They also clean the water and soil and ultimately make the earth a better place. People who live near trees are healthier, fitter and happier. Trees give us fresh air, food, shelter, shade, medicines and help in water conservation and preventing soil erosion. They replenish groundwater and filter the air from harmful pollutants. They are a good source of reducing air, water and noise pollution. Without trees, the survival of life on earth will become difficult.
Short Stories — ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಥೆಗಳು
1. The Weekend
On the weekend, I love to play. I go to the park, swing on the swings, and slide down the slide. The sun shines, and the sky is blue. I chase butterflies and have so much fun. I also have ice cream, my favorite treat. The weekend is when I am happiest.
2. My Family Trip
My family trip was super fun! We packed our bags with snacks and clothes, and then we were off! We saw lots of cool things like mountains, beaches, and even a big city. We took lots of pictures to remember all the fun we had. We laughed, played games, and shared stories along the way. It was the best trip because we got to spend time together as a family.
3. Going to School
Every day, I go to school. I like going to school because there are many fun things to do there. In the morning, I put on my school uniform and grab my backpack. Then, I walk to school with my mom. At school, there are teachers who teach us how to read, write, and do practicals. I also get to see lots of friends, and we play together.
4. My Mother
My Mother is a very special person. She always helps me when I need her. She cooks delicious food for our family. My mother works hard every day. She listens to me when I have a problem. I love spending time with her. She brightens my day with her smile and laughter. My mother is the best person in my life. She teaches me important things every day. I am very grateful to have her in my life.
5. My School
My school is a big building with many classrooms. Every morning, I go to school with my friends. In my classrooms, there are desks, chairs, and a big white board where my teacher writes lessons. We learn many things like reading, writing, and playing. Sometimes, we have art class, and we get to paint and draw. During break time, we play games in the playground. There are swings, slides, and a sandbox where we can have fun. My favorite game is chess, and I always try to be the fastest runner.
6. Reading
Reading is a wonderful habit that helps me learn new things and explore different ideas. It improves my vocabulary, imagination, and thinking skills. I enjoy reading story books, magazines, and sometimes even newspapers. Reading also helps me relax and feel calm. I believe reading every day makes me smarter and more creative.
Greetings — ಶುಭಾಶಯಗಳು
- Congratulations on your incredible success!
- Wish you a happy birthday!
- Wish you a happy new year!
- Best of luck to you for your exam.
- Wish you a happy married life.
- Heartily congratulations on your success.
- I wish a happy Republic Day to everyone.
- Best wishes for your career life in training.
- Pleased to see you — may all your dreams come true.
- I wish you all the best for a prosperous future ahead.
- It's nice to meet you.
- Human life is simple — live on earning income only.
Figures of Speech — ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳು
We use many words and phrases to make language beautiful, impressive and effective. The use of such impressive words or phrases is called Figures of Speech.
ಕೇಳುಗರ ಮನಸ್ಸಿಗೆ ತುಂಬಾ ಸಂತೋಷವನ್ನುಂಟು ಮಾಡುವಂತೆ, ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಮಾತುಗಳನ್ನೇ ಚಮತ್ಕಾರವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳೆನ್ನುವರು. ನಾವು ಭಾಷೆಯನ್ನು ಸಂದರವಾಗಿ, ಪ್ರಭಾವಿತವಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಪರಿಣಾಮಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಅನೇಕ ಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಪದ ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುವ ಅಂತಹ ಪ್ರಭಾವೋತ್ತಾರದ ಪದಗಳನ್ನೇ ಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳು ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ.
| # | Figure of Speech | Kannada | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Simile | ಉಪಮಾಲಂಕಾರ | Ravi ran like a horse. · Her smile was as bright as the sun. · Life is like a dream. |
| 2 | Metaphor | ರೂಪಕಾಲಂಕಾರ | He is a tiger. · Story is a dream. · Time is a life. · His mind is a magazine of knowledge. |
| 3 | Personification | ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿತ್ವಾರೋಪಣಾಲಂಕಾರ | The forest starts singing. · Opportunity knocks at the door once. · The trees danced in the wind. |
| 4 | Hyperbole | ಅತಿಶಯೋಕ್ತಿ | I will teach you forever. · This is the best college in the world. · I beg a thousand pardons. |
| 5 | Antithesis | ವಿರೋಧಾಲಂಕಾರ | A small mistake will destroy a great plan. · Patience is bitter, but it has sweet fruit. · To err is human, to forgive is divine. |
| 6 | Apostrophe | ಸಂಬೋಧನೆ | Oh Knowledge! You are light of mind. · Oh! I can't understand you. |
| 7 | Synecdoche | ಉಪಲಕ್ಷಕ | He has many mouths to feed. · Give us this day our daily bread. |
| 8 | Metonymy | ಲಕ್ಷಣಾ | He knows the street. · Let me give you a hand. · What's your favourite dish? |
| 9 | Oxymoron | ವಿರೋಧಾಭಾಸ | Prabhu lives in our heart though he is dead. · The food was awfully good. · A newly used car. |
| 10 | Euphemism | ಸೌಮ್ಯೋಕ್ತಿ | He passed away (instead of "he died"). · Senior citizen (instead of old person). · He has fallen asleep (i.e., dead). |
| 11 | Epigram | ಸೂಕ್ತಿ | Child is the father of a man. · Who never falls never gets up. · There are no gains without pains. |
| 12 | Irony | ವ್ಯಂಗ್ಯ | He is a great singer who sings like a crow. · This is my brilliant son who failed out of school. |
| 13 | Pun | ಶ್ಲೇಷ | Grammar lovers have lots of comma sense. · His knowledge of sound is not sound. · Life depends on the liver. |
| 14 | Climax | ಪರಾಕಾಷ್ಠೆ | We will hear him, we will follow him, we will die with him. · He begs, he lies, he steals, he kills for gold. |
| 15 | Anticlimax | ಪ್ರತಿಕಾಷ್ಠೆ | I will do my best for God, my country and for people. · I die, I faint, and I fail. · He was a lawyer, a great statesman and a fool. |
| 16 | Tautology | ಪುನರುಕ್ತಿ | ATM Machine. · In my opinion, I think that. · Free gift. · It was free gift that cost nothing at all. |
| 17 | Litotes | ಪರ್ಯಾಯೋಕ್ತಿ | India is not a small country. · He is no fool. · You are not doing badly at all. |
| 18 | Paradox | ವಿರೋಧಾಭಾಸ | Man is good but men are bad. · The beginning of the end. · Save money by spending it. · Less is more. |
| 19 | Onomatopoeia | ಅನುಕರಣ ಧ್ವನಿ | Lion growls. · The bees buzzed. · The rain went drip, drop. · Snake hisses. · Cat mews. |
| 20 | Transferred Epithet | ವರ್ಗಾವಣೆಗೊಂಡ ವಿಶೇಷಣ | They received a warm welcome. · They passed sleepless nights. · We live in a happy world. |
| 21 | Interrogation | ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಸೂಚಕ | Are you writing this letter? · Why me? · Where are you going? |
| 22 | Exclamation | ಉದ್ಗಾರ | Beware! · Marvellous! · Excellent! · Oh God! · How sweet! · How beautiful! |
| 23 | Alliteration | ಆದಿಪ್ರಾಸ | Fish fry. · Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. · She sells seashells by the seashore. |
Tongue Twisters — ನಾಲಿಗೆ ತಿರುಗಿಸುವ ಪದಗಳು
1. Eleven benevolent elephants.
2. Six sticky skeletons.
3. Truly rural.
4. Each Easter Eddie eats eighty Easter eggs.
5. Which witch is which?
6. She sells seashells by the seashore.
7. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
8. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
9. Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear. Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair. Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn't very fuzzy, was he?
10. I saw a kitten eating chicken in the kitchen.
2. Six sticky skeletons.
3. Truly rural.
4. Each Easter Eddie eats eighty Easter eggs.
5. Which witch is which?
6. She sells seashells by the seashore.
7. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
8. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
9. Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear. Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair. Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn't very fuzzy, was he?
10. I saw a kitten eating chicken in the kitchen.
Abbreviations — ಸಂಕ್ಷೇಪಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು
| Abbreviation | Full Form | Abbreviation | Full Form |
|---|---|---|---|
| CBSE | Central Board of Secondary Education | SSLC | Secondary School Leaving Certificate |
| PUC | Pre-University Course | UG | Under Graduate Course |
| PG | Post Graduate Course | B.A. | Bachelor of Arts (M.A.: Master of Arts) |
| B.Com | Bachelor of Commerce (M.Com: Master of Commerce) | B.Sc | Bachelor of Science (M.Sc: Master of Science) |
| B.C.A | Bachelor of Computer Application (MCA) | B.H.M | Bachelor of Hotel Management (M.H.M) |
| B.E | Bachelor of Engineering (M.E) | B.Tech | Bachelor of Technology (M.Tech) |
| B.Arch | Bachelor of Architecture (M.Arch) | L.L.B | Bachelor of Legislative Law (L.L.M) |
| B.Ed | Bachelor of Education (M.Ed) | B.P.Ed | Bachelor of Physical Education (M.P.Ed) |
| B.Lib.Sc | Bachelor of Library Science (MLIS) | BJMC | Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication (MJMC PG) |
| MBBS | Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery | M.D | Medicine Doctor / Doctor of Medicine |
| M.S | Master of Surgery | BAMS | Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery |
| B.Pharm | Bachelor of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) | M.Sc (CS) | Master of Science in Computer Science |
| MSW | Master of Social Work | MVA | Master of Visual Arts |
| PGDM | Post Graduate Diploma in Management | PGDCA | Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application |
| C.A | Chartered Accountant | D.C.A | Diploma in Computer Application |
| M.B.A | Master of Business Administration | I.T.I | Industrial Training Institute Course |
| Ph.D | Doctor of Philosophy | D.Litt. | Doctor of Literature |
| KSOU | Karnataka State Open University | IGNOU | Indira Gandhi National Open University |
| CBSC | Choice Based Credit System | NEP | National Education Policy |
| SEP | State Education Policy | ICSE | Indian Certificate of Secondary Education |
| IGCSE | International General Certificate of Secondary Education | KPSC | Karnataka Public Service Commission |
| UPSC | Union Public Service Commission | IPS | Indian Police Service |
| IFS | Indian Forest Service / Indian Foreign Service | SSC | Staff Selection Commission |
| KAS | Karnataka Administrative Service | IAS | Indian Administrative Service |
| DC | District Collector / Deputy Commissioner | SP | Superintendent of Police |
| FDA / SDA | FDA: First Division Assistant; SDA: Second Division Assistant | — | — |