Spoken English Module · ಸ್ಪೋಕನ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್

Bilingual Learning Module · ದ್ವಿಭಾಷಾ ಕಲಿಕಾ ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್

Spoken English Module

ಸ್ಪೋಕನ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್ — ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್

Complete General English course content — grammar, vocabulary and practice papers — presented line-by-line in English with the Kannada explanation directly below it. ಪ್ರತಿ ಸಾಲೂ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ, ಅದರ ಕೆಳಗೇ ಕನ್ನಡ ವಿವರಣೆ.

📚 28 Lessons · ಪಾಠಗಳು 🗂️ 4 Sections · ವಿಭಾಗಗಳು 🔤 EN ⇢ KN line-by-line 🔊 Click-to-listen 🖨️ Print-ready

ಪರಿವಿಡಿ

Section 1 – Grammarವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ವಿಭಾಗ

1Alphabet & Types of sentencesವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆ & ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು 2Parts of speechಪದವರ್ಗಗಳು 3Nounನಾಮಪದ 4Pronounಸರ್ವನಾಮ 5Verbಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ 6Adverbsಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣ 7Conjunctionsಸಂಯೋಗಗಳು 8Prepositionsಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು 9Adjectiveಗುಣವಿಷೇಶಣ 10Tensesಕಾಲಮಾನಗಳು 11Degrees of Comparisonಹೋಲಿಕೆಯ ಸ್ತರಗಳು 12ARTICLESಉಪ ಪದ / ಸೂಚಕಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ 13Subject verb agreementಕರ್ತೃ-ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಹೊಂದಾಣಿಕೆ 14Direct and Indirect Speechನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಪರೋಕ್ಷ ಭಾಷೆ 15Active Voice to Passive voiceಕರ್ತೃರೂಪ ಮತ್ತು ಕರ್ಮರೂಪ 16QUESTION TAGಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್

Section 2 – Non-Grammarವ್ಯಾಕರಣೇತರ ವಿಭಾಗ

17Para-jumbled sentences (PQRS)ಪ್ಯಾರಾ-ಜಂಬಲ್ಡ್ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು18Idioms and Phrasesನುಡಿಗಟ್ಟುಗಳು 19Reading comprehension (RC)ಗದ್ಯಭಾಗ ಓದುವುದು20Figures of Speechಅಲಂಕಾರಗಳು

Section 3 – Vocabularyಪದಸಿರಿ ವಿಭಾಗ

21Prefixಪೂರ್ವಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ 22Suffixಪ್ರತ್ಯಯ 23Close testಕ್ಲೋಸ್ ಟೆಸ್ಟ್24Phrasal Verbsಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಗುಚ್ಛ 25Synonymsಸಮಾನಾರ್ಥಕ ಪದಗಳು 26Synonyms & Antonymsಸಮಾನಾರ್ಥಕ ಮತ್ತು ವಿರುದ್ಧಾರ್ಥಕ ಪದಗಳು 27One word substitutionಒಂದೇ ಪದದ ಬಳಕೆ 28Spell checkಕಾಗುಣಿತ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ

Practice – Previous Year Questions & Model Papersಅಭ್ಯಾಸ – ಹಿಂದಿನ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮಾದರಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಪತ್ರಿಕೆಗಳು

★Previous Year Question Papers Analysisಹಿಂದಿನ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಪತ್ರಿಕೆಗಳ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ

💡 Click any English line in the lessons to hear it read aloud · ಕೇಳಲು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಸಾಲನ್ನು ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ ಮಾಡಿ · Press / to search · 🖨️ for a clean printout

Section 1 – Grammar

ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ವಿಭಾಗ

ಪಾಠ 1

Alphabet & Types of sentences

ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆ & ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು

✓

ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ 26 ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಗಳಿವೆ.

• Capital letters- A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W,

X, Y, Z

• Small letters - a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z

• ‘AEIOU’ are the five VOWELS of English Alphabet.

•

ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ‘AEIOU’ ಎಂಬ ಐದು ಸ್ವರಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು ಇವೆ.

• There are 21 CONSONANTS in English Alphabet.

• ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ 21 ವ್ಯಂಜನಾಕ್ಷರಗಳಿವೆ.

• B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z

Sentence and phrase

1. Sentence -A ‘sentence’ is a group of words that makes complete sense.

‘ವಾಕ್ಯ’ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಅರ್ಥಪೂರ್ಣವಾದ ಪದಗಳ ಗುಂಪಾಗಿದೆ.

Example- I am very happy to learn English.

In this case:

• Subject: "I" (

ಕತೃಪದ- ಯಾರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ/ಯಾವ ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾತಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ ಅದನ್ನು ‘Subject’

ಎನ್ನುವರು)

• Verb: "am" (

ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪದವನ್ನು ‘Verb’ ಎನ್ನುವರು)

• Object: "to learn English" (‘Subject’

ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ಕೆಲಸ/ ‘Subject’ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡುವ

ಪದಗಳನ್ನು ‘Object’/ಕರ್ಮಪದ ಎನ್ನುವರು)

2. Phrase-A group of words that does not make complete sense or a part of any

sentence is called ‘PHRASE’.

ಯಾವುದೇ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗ ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ನೀಡದ ಪದಗಳ ಗುಂಪನ್ನು 'PHRASE'

ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

Example: "Running in the park"

ಈ ಮೇಲಿನ ವಾಕ್ಯ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ನೀಡದ ಪದಗಳ ಗುಂಪಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದನ್ನೇ 'PHRASE' ಎಂದು

ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.)

Types of sentences

ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ವಿಧಗಳು

There are 4 types in sentences

1	Declarative sentences/ Assertive sentencesನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು	Statement: It tells us something.ಏನನ್ನಾದರೂ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳುವುದು.
2	Interrogative sentencesಪ್ರಶ್ನಾರ್ಥಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು	Question: It asks us something.ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೇಳುವುದು.
3	Imperative sentencesಕಡ್ಡಾಯ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು	Command or Request: It commands or requests to do something.

		ಆಜ್ಞೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊರಡಿಸುವುದು ಅಥವಾ ಬೇಡಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೋರುವುದು.
4	Exclamatory sentencesಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಸೂಚಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು	Exclamation: It expresses surprise.ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯವನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸುವ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು.

1. Declarative sentences

ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು

	Positive sentencesಸಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು Negative sentences ನಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
I like English	I do not like English.
We watched a movie last night.	We did not watch a movie last night.

A declarative sentence states a fact.

• I like thriller movies but my brother likes horror movies.

• Preeti is sick so she decided to take a day off.

2. Interrogative sentences

ಪ್ರಶ್ನಾರ್ಥಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು

An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question.

	Positive sentencesಸಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು Negative sentences ನಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು
Do you like English?	Don't you like English?
Why did you go?	Why didn't you go?

3. Imperative sentences

ಕಡ್ಡಾಯ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು

An imperative sentence is a sentence that expresses a direct command, request, invitations, warning, or instruction.

ಕಡ್ಡಾಯ ವಾಕ್ಯವು ನೇರ ಆಜ್ಞೆ, ವಿನಂತಿ, ಆಮಂತ್ರಣಗಳು, ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ಸೂಚನೆಯನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸುವ ವಾಕ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ.

1. Fill in the applications and submit them before Monday. (Instruction

ಸೂಚನೆ)

2. Please, Close the door when you go out. (Request

ವಿನಂತಿ)

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 2

Parts of speech

ಪದವರ್ಗಗಳು

✓

A part of speech is the different names given to each word in a sentence based on the role played.

‘Part of speech’

ಅಂದರೆ ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಪದಗಳು ಅವುಗಳ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ಆಧರಿಸಿ ಪ್ರತಿ ಪದಕ್ಕೂ ವಿಭಿನ್ನ

ಹೆಸರುಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವುದು.

Example:

1. The heavy load broke his back.

ಭಾರವಾದ ಹೊರೆ ಅವನ ಬೆನ್ನು ಮುರಿಯಿತು.

2. He entered through the back door.

ಅವರು ಹಿಂಬಾಗಿಲ ಮೂಲಕ ಪ್ರವೇಶಿಸಿದರು.

3. Do not backout of your word.

ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮಾತಿನಿಂದ ಹಿಂದೆ ಸರಿಯಬೇಡಿ.

4. Go back and never come again.

ಹಿಂತಿರುಗಿ ಹೋಗು ಮತ್ತು ಮತ್ತೆ ಬರಬೇಡ.

Sentence 1. back- Noun (

ನಾಮಪದ)

Sentence 2. Back- Adjective (

ಗುಣವಿಶೇಷಣ)

Sentence 3. Back- Verb (

ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ)

Sentence 4. Back- Adverb (

ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣ)

ಈ 4 ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ‘back’ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಪದವಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಅದು ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ಪಾತ್ರ ಹೊಂದಿದೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದನ್ನು ‘Parts of speech’ ಎನ್ನುವರು. ಈ ಪಾಠದ ಅಂತ್ಯದ ವೇಳೆಗೆ ‘Parts of speech’ ಅನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದೆಂದು ನೀವು ಕಲಿಯುವಿರಿ.

There are 8 Parts of speech

1. Noun

ನಾಮಪದ

2. Pronoun

ಸರ್ವನಾಮ

3. Adjective

ಗುಣವಿಶೇಷಣ

4. Preposition

ಉಪಸರ್ಗ

5. Verb

ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ

6. Adverb

ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷ

7. Conjunction

ಸಂಯೋಗ

8. Interjection

ಉದ್ಗಾರ

ಪಾಠ 3

Noun

ನಾಮಪದ

✓

A word that is used to name a person, animal, place or a thing is called a ‘Noun’.

ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ, ಪ್ರಾಣಿ, ಸ್ಥಳ ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಹೆಸರಿಸಲು ಬಳಸುವ ಪದವನ್ನು 'ನಾಮಪದ' ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

Additional types of nouns

Types of Nouns

1. Proper Nouns

6. Countable Nouns

2. Common Nouns

7. Uncountable Nouns

3. Collective Nouns

8. Compound Nouns

4. Material Noun

9. Singular Nouns

5. Abstract Nouns

10. Plural Nouns

1. Proper Noun

ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ನಾಮಪದ

Particular name of some person, place, days of the week and months.

ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ, ಸ್ಥಳದ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಹೆಸರು, ವಾರದ ದಿ£Àಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ತಿಂಗಳುಗಳು.

Examples of Proper Nouns:

Sentence- Suresh is from Bengaluru and he is working at Jnanagangothri.

Person: Suresh (Teacher

ಎಂದು ಕರೆದರೆ Common Noun ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ)

Place: Bengaluru (City

ಎಂದು ಕರೆದರೆ Common Noun ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ)

Organization: Jnanagangothri (Institute

ಎಂದು ಕರೆದರೆ Common Noun ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ) Thing: Mount Everest, Titanic (Mountain/ship ಎಂದು ಕರೆದರೆ Common Noun ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ)

Rules of Proper Nouns:

Rule 1. Initial letter of the Proper Noun should be written in capital letter always,

no matter where they fall in a sentence. (

ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ನಾಮಪದದ ಆರಂಭಿಕ ಅಕ್ಷರವನ್ನು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲೇ

ಇದ್ದರೂ ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಅಕ್ಷರದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು)

• Pawan Sherawath is the finest Kabaddi player.

• Haritha is the Lata Mangeshkar of our college.

Rule 2. Proper Nouns and Articles (a, an, the):

Normally, proper nouns do not take articles because they are already specific and unique identifiers.

ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ, ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ನಾಮಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೂಚಕಗಳ (articles) ಅವಶ್ಯಕತೆಯಿಲ್ಲ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಅವುಗಳು ಅದಾಗಲೇ

ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ.

Incorrect use (not using the rule correctly):

"The Ravi is coming." (Incorrect because "Ravi" is a proper noun and should

•

not take "the.") "The New York City is a busy place." (Incorrect because "New York City" is a

•

proper noun.)

Correct use:

• "Ravi is coming." (Correct because "Ravi" is a specific person.)

• "New York City is a busy place." (Correct because "New York City" is a specific

city.)

Exception- (

ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ Articles ಬಳಸಬೇಕು)

When we use ‘ARTICLES’ before proper nouns, it implies a generalization or that we are not referring to a specific instance of that noun. To understand in simple words it reflects the quality than the mere noun itself.

ನಾವು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಮೊದಲು ಉಪಸರ್ಗ/ಸೂಚಕಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿದಾಗ, ಅ ಪದವು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಿಂತ ಗುಣಕ್ಕೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಿರಬೇಕು.

Ex: Haritha is ‘the’ Lata Mangeshkar of our college. Here the name of Lata Mangeshkar implies more of quality than the person so we use article here.

ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಲತಾ ಮಂಗೇಶ್ಕರ್ ಅವರ ಹೆಸರು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅವರ ಗುಣವನ್ನು (ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿತ್ವ) ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ನಾವು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.

Rule 3. Capitalise directions such as east, west, north and south only if it is being used as a part of the name of a place.

ಪೂರ್ವ, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ, ಉತ್ತರ ಮತ್ತು ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ದಿಕ್ಕುಗಳನ್ನು ಒಂದು ಸ್ಥಳದ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಿದರೆ ಮಾತ್ರ. ಮೊದಲ ಅಕ್ಷರವನ್ನು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಅಕ್ಷರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆಯಬೇಕು ಇಲ್ಲವಾದರೆ ಅವಶ್ಯಕವಿಲ್ಲ.

1. The ‘Western Ghat’ section is extremely serene. (‘West’

ಎನ್ನುವುದು ‘Ghat’ ನ

ಭಾಗವಾಗಿದೆ)

2. You will find what you are looking for if you go ‘north’. (‘north’

ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಯಾವುದೇ

ಸ್ಥಳದ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ)

Rule 4. Days and months should be capitalised always. (

ದಿನಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ತಿಂಗಳುಗಳ ಮೊದಲ

ಅಕ್ಷರ ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ದೊಡ್ಡಕ್ಷರವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು.)

• Are you coming home on Wednesday?

• Schools will reopen in the month of June for sure.

Continued in the book……….

5. Gender specific nouns

ಲಿಂಗ ಆಧಾರಿತ ನಾಮಪದಗಳು

By adding ‘ess’:

Masculineಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ	Feminineಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ
Lion Priest Author shepherd heir host poet	lioness priestess authoress shepherdess heiress hostess poetess

Continued in the book………. Abstract nouns are often derived from adjectives to represent qualities, states, emotions, or concepts.

	Adjective- Abstract noun
Happy	Happiness
Brave	Bravery
Kind	Kindness
Angry	Anger
Calm	Calmness
Clear	Clarity
Dark	Darkness
Fair	Fairness
Good	Goodness
Great	Greatness
Honest	Honesty
Strong	Strength
True	Truth
Wise	Wisdom
Young	Youth

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 4

Pronoun

ಸರ್ವನಾಮ

✓

Ratan Naval Tata is an Indian industrialist. Ratan Naval Tata was also chairman of Tata Group. Ratan Naval Tata is the recipient of two of the highest civilian awards of India. Ratan Naval Tata is well known for his business ethics and philanthropy. In order to make sentences ease of readability we use pronouns. Here after the introductory sentence we use ‘He’ instead of ‘Ratan Naval Tata’.

ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಓದಲು ಸುಲಭಗೊಳಿಸಲು ನಾವು ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಚಯಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯದ ನಂತರ

ನಾವು 'ರತನ್ ನೇವಲ್ ಟಾಟಾ' ಬದಲಿಗೆ ‘He’ ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.

Ratan Naval Tata is an Indian industrialist. He was also chairman of Tata Group. He is the recipient of two of the highest civilian awards of India. He is well known for his business ethics and philanthropy.

Pronoun is any word in English which replaces the noun

Types of Pronouns

i. Personal pronouns ii. Possessive pronouns iii. Reflexive pronouns iv. Reciprocal pronouns v. Relative pronouns vi. Indefinite pronouns vii. Demonstrative pronouns

I. Personal pronoun

ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು

Personal pronouns are monosyllabic (consisting of one syllable- I-L, We

ವೀ) words

that are used to substitute proper nouns that repeat itself in a particular context.

ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು ಮೊನೊಸಿಲಬಿಕ್ (ಒಂದೇ ಅಕ್ಷರವಾಗಿ ಉಚ್ಚರಿಸುವ ಉದಾ- I-L, We - ವೀ)

ಪದಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ನಾಮಪದಗ¼À ಬದಲಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

A personal pronoun indicates the number and gender of the corresponding noun.

ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮವು ಅನುಗುಣವಾದ ನಾಮಪದದ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ (ಏಕವಚನ/ಬಹುವಚನ) ಮತ್ತು ಲಿಂಗವನ್ನು (ಸ್ತ್ರೀಲಿಂಗ/ಪುಲ್ಲಿಂಗ) ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

	Singular	plural
1st person Iನಾನು		Weನಾವು
	2nd person Youನೀನು	Youನೀವು
	3rd person Heಅವನು, She-ಅವಳು, It- ಅದು They- ಅವರು

Rules

1. Order of writing 1st, 2nd and 3rd Person in a sentence

If 1st, 2nd and 3rd Singular Personal Pronouns are to be used in the same sentence

• When all the Personal Pronouns are singular (I, You, he or I, You, she) then the

correct sequence is Second, Third, First person [Rule 231].

•

ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು ಏಕವಚನದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗ (I, You, he or I, You, she) ಆಗ ಸರಿಯಾದ

ಅನುಕ್ರಮವು ಎರಡನೇ, ಮೂರನೇ, ಮೊದಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ [ನಿಯಮ 231] ಆಗಿದೆ.

Examples:

1. You, he and I had gone for shopping. (Correct sequence)

2. I, you and he had gone for shopping. (Incorrect sequence)

1. You, I, and he had gone for shopping. (Incorrect sequence)

2. You, she and I were best friends. (Correct sequence)

If the sentence is about accepting guilt or mistake, the order is First, Second, Third person [Rule 123].

ವಾಕ್ಯವು ‘ತಪ್ಪೊಪ್ಪಿಗೆಗೆ’ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ್ದರೆ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಕ್ರಮವು ಮೊದಲ, ಎರಡನೆಯ, ಮೂರನೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ ಬರಬೇಕು.

1. I, you and he will ask for pardon. (Correct sequence)

2. You, he and I will ask for pardon. (Incorrect sequence)

1. I, you and he are at fault. (Correct sequence)

2. You, he and I are at fault. (Incorrect sequence)

1. You and she are at fault. (Incorrect sequence)

2. She and you are at fault. (Correct sequence)

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 5

Verb

ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ

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Verb is an action word.

‘Verb’

ಅಂದರೆ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಪದ.

There are two types of verbs.

1. Main verb (

ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ)– there is some ‘physical action’ (ಭೌತಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಇರುವ)

involved.

2. Auxiliary verb/ Helping verb, Modal verb- No physical action (

ಸಹಾಯಕ

ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ)- ಯಾವುದೇ ಭೌತಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ

Main verbs show the main activity. (Underlined words are main verbs)

• People enjoy sports.

• I saw an elephant.

• We are watching TV.

• He speaks English.

• He has arrived.

• John goes to school.

• She speaks fast.

Enjoy, saw, watching, speaks, arrived, goes, speaks

ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಭೌತಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಇರುವುದರಿಂದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ

ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಎನ್ನುವರ.

Auxiliary Verbs give structure or support to the sentence. They are also known as helping verbs.

• Alberto is writing a message to his girlfriend.

• He is doing it for fixing a date for them.

• Recently he has heard that a restaurant is offering a good deal for couples.

• Instantly, he was excited and booked a table for them.

Singularಏಕವಚನ	Pluralಬಹುವಚನ	Examples	Justification
Is	Are	She is preparing for the exam. They are preparing for the exam.	She=singular so helping verb=is They=plural so helping verb=are. For present tense.
Was	Were	She was preparing for the exam. They were preparing for the exam.	She=singular so helping verb=is They=plural so helping verb=are. For past tense
Has	Have	She has been preparing for the exam.	She=singular so helping verb=has They=plural so helping verb=have

		They have been preparing for the exam.
Goes	Go	She goes to the temple. They go to the temple	She=singular so helping verb=goes They=plural so helping verb=go
Does	Do	She does all works They do all works	She=singular so helping verb=does They=plural so helping verb=do
ಏಕವಚನ ಬಹುವಚನ ಎರಡೂ	ಮತ್ತು
Had	Had	She had cooked for me They had cooked for me	Past tense so both sentences use had
Can	Can	She can do it for you They can do it for you	Can is used for both singular and plural
May	May	She may extend the date They may extend the date	May is used for both singular and plural

Other type of classification

Verbs are also classified as V1, V2, V3 and V4

V1 is the base form of the verb;

ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪದದ ಮೂಲ ರೂಪ.

Note- Only ‘V1 form’ of the verb has ‘both singular’ and ‘plural form’ rest all are both singular and plural.

ಕೇವಲ V1 ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ರೂಪ ಏಕವಚನ ಮತ್ತು ಬಹುವಚನವಾಗಿ ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಆದರೆ V2, V3 and V4

ಏಕವಚನ ಮತ್ತು ಬಹುವಚನ ಎರಡರಲ್ಲೂ ಒಂದೆ ಪದವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

Examples


				V1 form of the Verb
				V1ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪದದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಏಕವಚನ ಮತ್ತು ಬಹುವಚನ ಎರಡೂ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ


	Singularಏಕವಚನ			Plural (Remove ‘S’)ಬಹುವಚನ


	Walks			Walk


	Reads			Read


	Thinks			Think

V2 is the simple past (

ಭೂತಕಾಲ) form

V3 is the perfect form

V4 is the continuous form (V1 + ing)


V1	V2	V3

awake	Awoke	awoken
Be, am, is, are	was, were	been
beat	Beat	beaten
become	Became	become
begin	Began	begun
bend	Bent	bent
bet	Bet	bet
Bid	Bid	bid
bite	Bit	bitten
blow	Blew	blown
break	Broke	broken
bring	Brought	brought
broadcast	Broadcast	broadcast
build	Built	built
burn	Burned	burnt
buy	Bought	bought

catch	Caught	caught
choose	Chose	chosen
come	Came	come
cost	cost	cost
Cut	cut	cut
Dig	dug	dug
Do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamed	dreamt
drive	drove	driven
drink	drank	drunk
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 6

Adverbs

ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣ

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• Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

• They provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action is

performed.

• ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣಗಳು ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು, ಗುಣವಿಶೇಷಣಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಇತರ ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣಗಳನ್ನು

ಮಾರ್ಪಡಿಸುವ ಪದಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

• ಒಂದು ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ, ಯಾವಾಗ, ಎಲ್ಲಿ, ಅಥವಾ ಎಷ್ಟರ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ನಡೆಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬುದರ ಕುರಿತು

ಅದು ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.

ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ

He drives very fast.

• In the sentence given above ‘fast’ is an adverb it shows the way in which the action

“drive” is happening.

•

ಮೇಲಿನ ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ‘fast’ ಎಂಬುದು ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಅದು "ಡ್ರೈವ್" ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯು ಹೇಗೆ

ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Note- 1. Most adverbs end with ‘ly’.

ಬಹುತೇಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಗಳು ‘ly’ನಿಂದ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ.

• Quickly: He ran quickly to catch the bus.

• Carefully: She handled the fragile glassware carefully.

• Beautifully: The orchestra played the music beautifully.

• Quietly: Please speak quietly in the library.

• Patiently: She waited patiently for her turn.

There are a few adverbs that don’t end with ‘ly’

ಕೆಲವು ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಗಳು ‘ly’ನಿಂದ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.

• Fast: He ran fast to catch the train. (Do not use ‘fastly’, ‘fastly’

ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು)

• Well: She plays the piano well. (Do not use ‘welly’, ‘welly’

ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು)

• Late: They arrived late to the party. (Do not use ‘lately’, ‘lately’

ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು)

• Hard: He worked hard to finish the project on time. (Do not use ‘hardly’, ‘hardly’

ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು)

• Soon: We will leave soon for the airport. (Do not use ‘soonly’, ‘soonly’

ಎಂದು

ಬಳಸಬಾರದು)

Note- Late (

ತಡವಾಗಿ) vs Lately (ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ)

• Late: Focuses on time after the expected or usual time.

ಅಂದರೆ ಅಂದುಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ

ಸಮಯಕ್ಕಿಂತ ತಡವಾಗಿ ಬರುವುದು

• Lately: Focuses on recent or current time leading up to the present.

• ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ನಡೆದ ಘಟನೆಗಳು.

• They have been eating out a lot lately. (

ಅರ್ಥ- ಅವರು ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಹೊರಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.)

Note- Hard (

ಕಠಿಣವಾಗಿ) vs hardly (ಬಹಳ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನ, ಬೇಕಾಬಿಟ್ಟಿಯಾಗಿ)

She worked hard to achieve her goals. (

ಅರ್ಥ- ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಗುರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಧಿಸಲು ಕಠಿಣ ಶ್ರಮ

ಪಟ್ಟಳು)

She hardly goes to the gym. (

ಅರ್ಥ- ಅವ¼Àು ಅಪರೂಪಕ್ಕೆ ಜಿಮ್‍ಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾಳೆ.)

Continued in the book……….

Quick tips

ಪಾಠ 7

Conjunctions

ಸಂಯೋಗಗಳು

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Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

ಸಂಯೋಗಗಳು ಇತರ ಪದಗಳು, ಪದಪುಂಜಗಳನ್ನು ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಜೋಡಿಸುವ ಪದಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

For example,

• Ram and Raj are twins

• She worked hard yet she failed.

• She went to play, although it was hot outside.

ಇಲ್ಲಿ and, yet, although ಇವು ಸಂಯೋಗಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

Rules of conjunctions

The following conjunctions should be used in the same pairs.

1. Lest –Should

2. Either – or

1. Neither – nor

2. Not only - but also

3. Either – or

4. Neither – nor

5. Not only - but also

6. Else – but

7. Whether - or

8. As - if

9. As - though

10. Else – but

11. Whether - or

1. Lest (

ಆಗದಿರಲೆಂದು)– Should

• I was afraid to open the door lest he would follow me. (incorrect)

• I was afraid to open the door lest he should follow me. (correct)

• ಅವನು ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಹಿಂಬಾಲಿಸಬಾರದೆಂದು ನಾನು ಬಾಗಿಲು ತೆರೆಯಲು ಹೆದರುತ್ತಿದ್ದೆ.

• "Not" shouldn’t be used with "lest". It has negativity in itself so we can’t use

"not" with this word in a sentence.

• "lest"

ಇರುವ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ "Not" ಬಳಸಬಾರದು. "lest" ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ನೆಗೆಟಿವ್ ಆಗಿರುವುದರಿಂದ

"Not"

ನ್ನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಬಳಸಬಾರದು.

Example

• Work hard lest you should not fail. (Incorrect)

• Work hard lest you should fail. (Correct)

(ಅರ್ಥ - ನೀವು ಕಠಿಣ ಶ್ರಮ ಪಡದಿದ್ದರೆ ನಪಾಸಾಗುತ್ತೀರಿ)

Rule - 1

• Either – or

• Neither – nor

• Not only - but also

These conjunctions should be used in same pairs.

F conjunction

ಗಳನ್ನು ಇದೇ ಜೋಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.

For example:

• Either you nor your brother has won the prize. (Incorrect)

• Either you or your brother has won the prize. (Correct)

• Neither he or his brother can walk faster than Santosh. (Incorrect)

• Neither he nor his brother can walk faster than Lavanya. (Correct)

Note- Either

ಅಂದರೆ ಇಬ್ಬರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬರು

Neither

ಅಂದರೆ ಇಬ್ಬರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬರೂ ಅಲ್ಲ

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 8

Prepositions

ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು

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A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.

ದಿಕ್ಕು, ಸಮಯ, ಸ್ಥಳ, ಸ್ಥಳ, ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಲು ನಾಮಪದ,

ಸರ್ವನಾಮ ಅಥವಾ ನಾಮಪದ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛದ ಮೊದಲು ಬಳಸುವ ಪದ ಅಥವಾ ಪದಗಳ ಗುಂಪನ್ನು Prepositions

ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

• She drove to the store.

• He reads in the evening.

• I go to work at 8:00.

• The car had not been paid for.

• A gift by my teacher

to, in, at, for, by

ಇವೆಲ್ಲಾ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು

Types of prepositions

1. Simple Preposition

ಸರಳ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು

• When a preposition consists of one word is called single or simple preposition.

• in, at, on, to for, of, from, up, after, over, under, with, till etc.

2. Double Preposition

ದ್ವಿ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು

• When a preposition consists of more than one word, it is called double preposition.

• into, within, upto etc.

3. Compound Preposition

ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು

• Compound preposition consists of two or more words.

• on behalf of, according to, in front of etc.

4. Participle Preposition

ಕ್ರಿಯಾತ್ಮಕ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು

• Participle preposition consists of words that end in “ing”.

• regarding, barring, concerning, considering etc.

Prepositions – Time

ಸಮಯವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ

On	days of the weekವಾರದ ದಿನಗಳು	on Monday
In	months / seasonsತಿಂಗಳುಗಳು / ಋತುಗಳು time of day- ದಿನದ ಸಮಯ year- ವರ್ಷ	• in August / in winter • in the morning • in 2006
At	for nightರಾತ್ರಿ for weekend-ವಾರಾಂತ್ಯ	• at night • at the weekend
since	from a certain point of time (past till now)(ಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾದ ಸಮಯ)	since 1980

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 9

Adjective

ಗುಣವಿಷೇಶಣ

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Any word that indicates the quality or quantity of noun or pronoun is called as an adjective.

ನಾಮಪದ ಅಥವಾ ಸರ್ವನಾಮದ ಗುಣ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಯಾವುದೇ ಪದವನ್ನು ಗುಣವಿಶೇಷಣ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

Adjectives are of the following types:

1. Adjective of quality

2. Adjective of quantity

3. Adjective of number

4. Proper Adjective

5. Demonstrative Adjective

6. Distributive Adjective

1. Adjective of quality: Adjectives of quality show the quality and kind of a person or

thing.

• Ritu is a beautiful girl.

• Rajasthan is a large city.

2. Adjective of quantity: Adjectives of quantity are used to denote the quantity of nouns

or pronouns. For Ex – Some, all, any, enough, much etc.

• Give him some milk.

• Enough oil is there in the urn.

Difference between Some, Any, Many and Much.

1. ‘Some’ is used in affirmative/assertive sentences before uncountable nouns.

‘Some’

ಅನ್ನು affirmative/assertive ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

For Ex – I have some oil.

2. ‘Any’ is used in negative sentences before plural countable nouns.

Any

ಬಹುವಚನ ಎಣಿಕೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದಾದ ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಮೊದಲು ಯಾವುದೇ ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ

ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

For Ex – He does not have any problems.

3. ‘Many’ is used for countable nouns whereas ‘much’ is used for uncountable nouns.

ಎಣಿಸಬಹುದಾದ ನಾಮಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ‘Many’ ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಆದರೆ ಎಣಿಸಲಾಗದ ನಾಮಪದಗಳಿಗೆ ‘much’

ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

For Ex – I have many milk to drink. (incorrect- ‘milk’

ಎಣಿಸಲಾಗದ ನಾಮಪದ)

I have much milk to drink. (correct)

I have many pens (correct- ‘pens’

ಎಣಿಸಬಹುದಾದ ನಾಮಪದ)

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 10

Tenses

ಕಾಲಮಾನಗಳು

✓

Tenses denote the time of action. They show when the work is done.

ಕಾಲಮಾನಗಳು ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಸಮಯವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ

There are three types of tenses:

1. Present

ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ

2. Past

ಭೂತಕಾಲ

3. Future

ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ

Tenses are further categorised as following

1. Simple

2. Continuous

3. Perfect

4. Perfect continuous

Let us learn the rules of all tenses:

1. Present tense- The present tense refers to the action or event that takes place or is

taking place in the present. It represents the current activity or the present state of being

of the subject in the given context. (

ಈಗ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳು)

There are 4 types of present tense

1. Present Simple tense

2. Present Continuous tense

3. Present Perfect tense

4. Present Perfect continuous tense

1. Present Simple Tense

In Present Simple Tense V1 form of the verb, is used to express general truths/facts (such as - “the sun rises in the east.”), habits (I always wake up in the morning) and planned events in the near future (Ram’s birthday comes next week).

Present Simple Tense

ಅನ್ನು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ನೈಜ ಘಟನೆಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲು (ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ- "ಸೂರ್ಯನು

ಪೂರ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ಉದಯಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ."), ಅಭ್ಯಾಸಗಳು/ಹವ್ಯಾಸಗಳು (ನಾನು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಬೆಳಿಗ್ಗೆ ಏಳುತ್ತೇನೆ) ಮತ್ತು ಮುಂದಿನ ಭವಿಷ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಯೋಜಿತ ಘಟನೆಗಳು ( ರಾಮನ ಜನ್ಮದಿನವು ಮುಂದಿನ ವಾರ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ) ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.


		Present Simple Tense sentence formation

	Verb	V1
	Sentences 1. Assertive sentence	Sub s/p +V1 s/p + Object.ಮಗು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಉದ್ಯಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುತ್ತದೆ. Child plays in the park every day.ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಉದ್ಯಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಟವಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. Children play in the park every day.
	2. Negative sentence	Sub s/p +does not / do not + V1(p) + Object

Note- Use plural V1 irrespective of the subject.ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಮಪದ ಏಕವಚನ ಅಥವಾ ಬಹುವಚನವಾಗಿದ್ದರೂ V1 ಬಹುವಚವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು.	Child doesn’t play in the park every day. (ಇಲ್ಲಿ plays ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು) ಮಗು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಉದ್ಯಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. Children don’t play in the park every day.ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಉದ್ಯಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
3. Interrogative sentence Note- Use plural V1 irrespective of the subject.ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಮಪದ ಏಕವಚನ ಅಥವಾ ಬಹುವಚನವಾಗಿದ್ದರೂ V1 ಬಹುವಚವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು.	Does/Do + sub s/p +V1 (p)+ Object?ಮಗು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಉದ್ಯಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುತ್ತದೆಯೇ? Does the child play in the park every day? (ಇಲ್ಲಿ plays ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು) ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಉದ್ಯಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡುತ್ತಾರೆಯೇ?Do children play in the park every day?

Usage- Present Simple Tense

ಅನ್ನು ಎಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು

	She exercises at the gym	We study English for two
Habitsಹವ್ಯಾಸಗಳು	four times a week.	hours in the evening.

General Facts-	Water boils at 100 degrees	The sun rises in the east
ನೈಜ ಘಟನೆಗಳು	Celsius.	and sets in the west.

Near Future		The movie starts at 9 pm
ಹತ್ತಿರದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯಗಳು	My exams end next week.	tonight.

Present Time/Moment-		Rohit studies in class
ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ	I live in Delhi.	nine.

Exclamatory Sentences
starting with "here" and
"there"
"here"ಮತ್ತು	Here comes my brother.	There goes the principal.
"there"ಎಂದು
ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವ
ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಸೂಚಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು

		As the proverb goes,
To Repeat a Quotation-	Shakespeare says, "All the	"Early to bed, early to rise
ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ಪುನರುಚ್ಚಿಸಲು	world's a stage."	makes a man healthy,
		wealthy, and wise."

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 11

Degrees of Comparison

ಹೋಲಿಕೆಯ ಸ್ತರಗಳು

✓

Degrees of comparison in grammar refer to the different forms of an adjective that indicate the extent or degree to which a quality or attribute is present.

ವ್ಯಾಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ Degrees of Comparison ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣದ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಗುಣವಾಚಕದ ವಿವಿಧ

ರೂಪಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

There are three degrees of comparison:

1. Positive degree

2. Comparative degree

3. Superlative degree

1. Positive degree- This is the basic form of an adjective without making any comparison.

It simply describes a quality or attribute.

ಯಾವುದೇ ಹೋಲಿಕೆ ಮಾಡದೆಯೇ ಇದು ಗುಣವಿಶೇಷಣದ ಮೂಲ ರೂಪವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಕೇವಲ ಒಂದು ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟ ಅಥವಾ ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Examples: rich, pretty, handsome, good

• The cat was extremely beautiful.

• My car is superb.

• This book is incredibly interesting.

• The course is extremely adaptable for every knowledge level.

• My new dress is absolutely gorgeous.

• The school is favorable for children to go to.

• This new house is perfect for our family.

• We went to see a play which was spectacular.

• The coffee shop around the corner is brilliant for businessmen.

• The circus act was stupendous.

2. Comparative Degree- The comparative degree of an adjective shows the greater or

lesser degree.

ಗುಣವಿಶೇಷಣದ ತುಲನಾತ್ಮಕ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಅಥವಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಟ್ಟವನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

Examples: richer, prettier, more handsome, better

• My house is bigger than yours.

• Your grade is worse than mine.

• The Pacific Ocean is deeper than the Arctic Ocean.

• You are more polite than Ram.

• My brother is taller than I am, but he is older too.

• Rose is more beautiful than Jasmine.

• The Earth is larger than the moon.

3. Superlative degree- shows the highest or lowest degree of the quality or attribute.

Superlative degree

ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟ ಅಥವಾ ಗುಣಲಕ್ಷಣದ ಅತ್ಯುನ್ನತ ಅಥವಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಟ್ಟವನ್ನು

ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

• Maruti is the tallest boy in the class.

• This book is the longest one that I have ever read!

• Jagadish seems to be the most excited child at the party.

• This is the best cake I have ever had!

• The person with the shortest stick has to go first.

• Do you think Lucky will be the fastest runner in the race?

• This is the worst day of my life!

Example of converting degrees of comparison

	Type – I By adding ‘er’ and ‘est’
POSITIVE	COMPARITIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Bright	Brighter	Brightest
Black	Blacker	Blackest
Bold	Bolder	Boldest
Clever	Cleverer	Cleverest
Cold	Colder	Coldest
Fast	Faster	Fastest
Great	Greater	Greatest
high	Higher	Highest

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 12

ARTICLES

ಉಪ ಪದ / ಸೂಚಕಗಳ ಬಳಕೆ

✓

Articles in English (a, an, the) are used to specify whether a noun refers to something specific or something non-specific.

Types of Articles

1. Definite article- the

2. Indefinite article- a, an

3. Zero article

General information

1. Definite Article (the):

Usage: Used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or known to the reader/listener.

ನಾಮಪದವು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಅಥವಾ ಓದುಗ/ಕೇಳುಗರಿಗೆ ತಿಳಿದಿರುವಾಗ ಏಕವಚನ ಮತ್ತು ಬಹುವಚನ ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಮೊದಲು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

Examples:

"The dog chased the cat." (Specific dog and specific cat known to the speaker and listener.) "Please pass me the book." (Specific book that both speaker and listener are aware of.)

2. Indefinite Articles (a, an):

'A' is used before words that begin with consonant sounds or before words beginning with vowels that sound like consonants. 'An' is used before words that begin with vowel sounds.

ವ್ಯಂಜನ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವ ಪದಗಳ ಮೊದಲು ಅಥವಾ ವ್ಯಂಜನಗಳಂತೆ ಧ್ವನಿಸುವ ಸ್ವರಗಳಿಂದ

ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವ ಪದಗಳ ಮೊದಲು 'A' ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಸ್ವರ ಶಬ್ದಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವ ಪದಗಳ ಮೊದಲು 'An' ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

Examples:

"I saw a dog." (Refers to any dog, not a specific one.) "She has an umbrella." (Refers to any umbrella.)

3. Zero Article:

Usage: Used when referring to plural or uncountable nouns in a general or non-specific sense.

ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಅಥವಾ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಲ್ಲದ ಅರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುವಚನ ಅಥವಾ ಲೆಕ್ಕಿಸಲಾಗದ ನಾಮಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುವಾಗ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

Examples:

"Dogs are loyal animals." (Refers to dogs in general) "She loves music." (Refers to music as a concept) Use of articles differs with countable or uncountable noun.

	Countable noun
Singular countable	Plural countable
Here either definite or indefinite articles can be used based on the context of the sentence.	Here only definite article is used and don’t use indefinite articles.
Bus- A bus (any bus), the bus (particular bus)	Buses- the buses
Aero plane- An aero plane, the aero plane	Aero planes- the aero planes
Bottle- a bottle, the bottle	Bottles- the bottles
Watch- a watch, the watch	Watches- the watches
Window- a window, the window	Windows- the windows
Computer- a computer, the computer.	Computers- the computers

Uncountable nouns- In case of uncountable nous generally articles are avoided but they may be used in exceptional cases that are mentioned in specific rules subsequently.

MONEY- the money, a money (incorrect)

WATER- the water, a water (incorrect)

Specific rules of definite Article ‘the’

Rule-1

‘The’ is used before unique things like- The sun, the moon, the sea, the sky, the Arctic Circle, the environment, the ground

etc. (

ಇಂತಹ ಪದಗಳ ಮುಂಚೆ The ಬಳಸಬೇಕು)

• When she woke again, the sun was shining on her face

• Justice must be done even if the sky falls.

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 13

Subject verb agreement

ಕರ್ತೃ-ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಹೊಂದಾಣಿಕೆ

✓

Fundamental rule of Subject verb agreement is

• Singular subject is followed by Singular verb.

• Plural subject is followed by plural verb.

Subject- (Singular to Plural)

Singular	Plural
Pen, Book, Road, Bus, Train, Glass	Pens, Books, Roads, Buses, Trains, Glasses
Analysis, Thesis, Crisis, Basis, Parenthesis	Analyses, Theses, Crises, Bases, Parentheses
Curriculum, Memorandum, Datum, Bacterium, Medium,	Curricula, Memoranda, Data, Bacteria, Media
Criterion, Phenomenon	Criteria, Phenomena
Stimulus, Radius, Syllabus	Stimuli, Radii, Syllabi,

Verb Singular and Plural

Plural	Singular
Work	Works
Eat	Eats
Drive	Drives
Travel	Travels
	Maintain Maintains
Charge	Charges
Learn	Learns
Change	Changes
Find	Finds

Singular Subject-Singular Verb Plural Subject-Plural Verb

Man	Walks
Men	Walk
King	Rules
Kings	Rule
Raju	Wants

Raju and his friends	Want
Teacher	Teaches
Teachers	Teach
Minister	Supports
Ministers	Support

Specific Rules

Rule-1

When two nouns are connected by a conjunction “and” usually takes plural verb.

ಎರಡು ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ನಡುವೆ “and” ಇದ್ದಾಗ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬಹುವಚನ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.

Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar are cricket players. Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar play cricket. Rahul Dravid plays cricket.

Exception-1

When the noun is singular use singular verb.

ನಾವು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ನಾಮಪದ ಏಕವಚನವಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ, ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ‘and’ ಇದ್ದರೂ ಕೂಡ ಏಕವಚನದ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ

ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.

• Mr. Praveen my teacher and mentor, is also a good guide. (Correct- Mr. Praveen

ಏಕವಚನ)

• The recently appointed coach and advisor of the team Mr. Ravishastri, has

emphasized the need for team spirit. (Correct- Mr. Ravishastri

ಏಕವಚನ)

Exception-2

Article ‘THE’ is used only once when the two nouns refer to the same person or thing. If the two nouns refer to different persons or things, article ‘THE’ is used before each noun. In such cases, the verb will be in the plural form.

‘and’

ನಿಂದ ಜೋಡಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಎರಡು ನಾಮಪದಗಳು ಒಂದೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಿದಾಗ ‘THE’

ಅನ್ನು ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಎರಡು ನಾಮಪದಗಳು ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಿದರೆ,

ಪ್ರತಿ ನಾಮಪದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ‘THE’ ವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಂತಹ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವು

ಬಹುವಚನ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

• The secretary and chairman has arrived. (Correct- ‘The’

ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಬಳಸಿರುವುದರಿಂದ

‘secretary and chairman’

ಇಬ್ಬರೂ ಒಂದೇ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಏಕವಚನವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು)

• The secretary and the chairman have arrived. (Correct-‘The’

ಎರಡು ಬಾರಿ

ಬಳಸಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ‘secretary and chairman’ ಇಬ್ಬರೂ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳು ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ

ಬಹುವಚನವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು)

• The secretary and the president have been given warm welcome. (Correct)

• The secretary and treasurer has been arrested. (Correct)

Exception#3

If two different singular nouns express one idea, the verb should be in the singular form.

ಎರಡು ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಏಕವಚನ ನಾಮಪದಗಳು ಒಂದು ಕಲ್ಪನೆಯನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಿದರೆ, ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವು ಏಕವಚನ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿರಬೇಕು.

• ‘Bread and milk’ is good for Breakfast. (Correct)

• The ‘law and order’ situation in the state is under control. (Correct- ‘

ಕಾನೂನು ಮತ್ತು

ಸುವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ’ ಏಕವಚನ)

Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 14

Direct and Indirect Speech

ನೇರ ಮತ್ತು ಪರೋಕ್ಷ ಭಾಷೆ

✓

Direct speech (also known as quoted speech) is when we report someone's exact words within quotation marks. This method preserves the original statement's exact wording, punctuation, and tense.

ನೇರ ಭಾಷೆ (ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿತ ಭಾಷಣ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ) ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂಲ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಯ ನಿಖರವಾದ ಪದಗಳು, ವಿರಾಮಚಿಹ್ನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಲಮಾನೆ ಬದಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.

Indirect Speech (Reported Speech):

Indirect speech (also called reported speech) is when we report what someone else has said without quoting their exact words. Instead, we convey the meaning of their statement while adjusting elements such as pronouns, verb tenses, and sometimes the sentence structure.

ಒಬ್ಬರು ಹೇಳಿದ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬರಿಗೆ ಹೇಳುವ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು. ಪರೋಕ್ಷ ಭಾಷಣ (ಇದನ್ನು ವರದಿ ಮಾಡಿದ ಭಾಷೆ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ) ನಾವು ಬೇರೆಯವರು ಹೇಳಿದ ಮಾತುಗಳನ್ನು ಅವರ ನಿಖರವಾದ ಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸದೆ ವರದಿ ಮಾಡುವುದು. ಬದಲಿಗೆ, ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು, ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ವಾಕ್ಯ ರಚನೆಯಂತಹ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಸರಿಹೊಂದಿಸುವಾಗ ನಾವು ಅವರ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಯ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.

ಎ, ಬಿ ಗೆ ಹೇಳಿದ ಮಾತು

“ನಾನು ನಿನಗೆ ನಾಳೆ ಕರೆ ಮಾಡುವೆ”

ಬಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಸಿ ಗೆ ಹೇಳುವುದು

ಅವನು ಹೇಳಿದ ಅವನು ನನಗೆ ಮರುದಿನ ಕರೆ ಮಾಡುವನೆಂದು.

Basics to remember

How modal verbs change between direct and indirect speech

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Can	Could
May	Might
Must	Had to/ Would have to
Should	Should
Might	Might
Could	Could
Would	Would
Will	Would

Changes in Place and Time

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Now	Then
Here	There
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The next day
Last week	The previous week
This	That
Tonight	That night
Ago	Before
Thus	So
Come	Go
Next	Following

	Direct Speech Indirect Speech
I	He/she
You	He/she/they
We	They
They	They
He	He
She	She
It	It
Us	Them
Our	Their
His	His
Her	Her
Its	Its

Remember these two examples

When subject and object both are given

• Daddy said to me,” I have got a pen for you.” (Daddy is subject and me is object)

‘Said’ becomes ‘told’ in indirect speech.

Remove ‘coma’ and add ‘that’

• Daddy told me that he had gotten a pen for me.

When subject is given but no object.

• Rani said, “I go to school everyday.” (Rani- only subject is given but there is no

object)

Said remains said

Remove ‘coma’ and add ‘that’

• Rani said that she goes to school every day.

Formulae of Direct and Indirect speech

Present tense

1. Simple

2. Continuous

3. Perfect

4. Perfect continuous

1. Present Simple tense (Direct) should be changed to Past Simple (Indirect)

a)Assertive Sentence

Present Simple tense Assertive	Sub + V1 (with S or without S) + Object
Past Simple Assertive	Sub + V2 + Object

Examples

• He said, “I write a letter”.

• He said that he wrote a letter.

• He said to me, “I write a letter”.

• He told me that he wrote a letter.

• They said, “We play football”.

• They said that they played football.

• They said to the coach, “We play football”.

• They told the coach that they played football.

• She said , “I teach kids”.

• She said that she teach kids. (because teaching kids is the profession, so it should be

in present tense only) Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 15

Active Voice to Passive voice

ಕರ್ತೃರೂಪ ಮತ್ತು ಕರ್ಮರೂಪ

✓

Active voice and passive voice are two different ways of expressing an action performed by a subject in a sentence.

Active voice

ಮತ್ತು passive voice ಒಂದು ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಷಯವು ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸಿದ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು

ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸುವ ಎರಡು ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ವಿಧಾನಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. ಅವು ಹೇಗೆ ಭಿನ್ನವಾಗಿವೆ ಎಂಬುದು ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ:

1. Active Voice:

• In active voice sentences, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.

• ‘Active Voice’

ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ‘subject’ ‘ಕ್ರಿಯೆ’ಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

The children ate the fruit

ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಹಣ್ಣು ತಿಂದರು.

2. Passive Voice:

• In passive voice sentences, the subject undergoes the action expressed by the verb,

and the focus is on the receiver of the action rather than the doer.

• ‘Passive voice’

ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗಮನವು ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವ ‘subject’, ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸುವ

‘object’

ಮೇಲೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. The fruit was eaten by the children -ಹಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಂದ ತಿನ್ನಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.

Fundamental rules to remember:

1. Always we use V3 in passive voice.

‘Active Voice’

ನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವ ರೀತಿಯ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವಿದ್ದರೂ Passive voice ನಲ್ಲಿ V3 ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದವನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ

ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.


V1	V2	V3


Awake	awoke	awaken


Beat	beat	beaten


Become	became	become


Begin	began	begun


Bend	bent	Bent


Bet	bet	Bet

2. Subjective case of pronoun changes to objective case in active and passive voice.

Pronoun cases
Subjective (Active Voice)	Objective (Passive voice)
I	Me

You	You
He	Him
She	Her
It	It
We	Us
They	Them
Who	Whom

3. When sentence has ‘Wh’ (When, Where, Why, What etc) form it remains in the

same place both in Active and Passive voice.

ವಾಕ್ಯವು ‘Wh’ (When, Where, Why, What ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ) ರೂಪವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವಾಗ ಅದು Active Voice ಮತ್ತು Passive voice ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದೇ ಸ್ಥಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ.

Active: Where did they find the keys? Passive: Where were the keys found? Active: When will you finish the project? Passive: When will the project be finished by you? Active: Why did she leave early? Passive: Why was she left early? Now let us learn how to convert Active Voice into Passive voice in different tenses.

I. Rules of ‘Present tense’

1. Present simple

2. Present Continuous

3. Present perfect tense

4. Present perfect continuous tense

	1. Present Simple
Assertive sentence	Sub + V1 + Object. (Active voice) Object + is/am/are + V3 + by + Subject. (Passive voice)
Negative sentence	Sub + does not / do not + V1+ Object. (Active voice) Object + is/am/are +not + V3 + by + Subject. (Passive voice)
Interrogative sentence	Does/Do + sub + V1 + Object? (Active voice) Is/am/are + obj + V3 +by + subject? (Passive voice)

	1. Present Simple -Assertive sentence
	Sub + V1 + Object
	Object + am/is/are + V3 + by + Subject

1. My teacher loves me

I am loved by my teacher.

2. He writes a script

A script is written by me.

3. Ramesh celebrates his anniversary.

His anniversary is celebrated by Ramesh.

4. Carpenters make furniture.

Furniture is made by carpenters. Continued in the book……….

ಪಾಠ 16

QUESTION TAG

ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್

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What is a tag question? A tag question is a statement followed by a small-question. We use tag questions to ask for confirmation. In a tag question a statement is made and a question is asked after that.

ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯು ಒಂದು ಹೇಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸುವ ಸಣ್ಣ-ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ದೃಢೀಕರಣವನ್ನು ಕೇಳಲು ನಾವು ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ನೀಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ನಂತರ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯನ್ನು ಕೇಳಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

For example

a) You are tired, Aren’t you?

ನೀವು ದಣಿದಿದ್ದೀರಿ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ?

b) Jnanagangothri is the best institute for preparing for government jobs, isn’t it?

ಜ್ಞಾನಗಂಗೋತ್ರಿ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಉದ್ಯೋಗಗಳಿಗೆ ತಯಾರಿ ಮಾಡುವ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಾಗಿದೆ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ?

c) She is beautiful, isn’t she?

ಅವಳು ಸುಂದರವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಳೆ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ?

Question tag rules.

Rule-1

The sentence and the question tag will be in the same tense.

ವಾಕ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಒಂದೇ ಕಾಲಮಾ£Àದಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.

• The child goes to school daily, doesn’t he? (Present tense

ವರ್ತಮಾನಕಾಲ)

• You appeared for the KPSC examination, didn’t you? (Past tense

ಭೂತಕಾಲ)

Rule-2

If the sentence is an affirmative/positive sentence, the question tag will be negative.

ವಾಕ್ಯವು ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕ/ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯವಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ, ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

"He likes coffee." "doesn't he?" "They went to the store." "didn't they?"

Rule-3

If the sentence is a negative sentence the question tag will be positive.

ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ವಾಕ್ಯವು ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯವಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಧನಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

• All the students were not present, were they?

• Monkeys cannot fly, can they?

• Everyone cannot be clever, can they?

Rule-4

In question tag always use pronoun.

ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಸರ್ವನಾಮವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ.

• Ramesh cannot drive, can he?

ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಮಪದ ‘Ramesh’ ಅನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಟ್ಯಾಗ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ ‘he’ ಎಂದು ಬಳಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ರೀತಿ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಟ್ಯಾಗ್‍ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸೂಕ್ತ

ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.

Rule-5

In negative question tags we use the contracted form of the helping verb.

ನಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಾವು ಸಹಾಯ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ರೂಪವನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ.

Eg- Has not (incorrect) - Hasn’t (correct)

Could not (incorrect) - Couldn’t (correct)

• "He has done his homework, hasn't he?"

• "He could work at night, couldn't he?"

• Continued in the book……….

Section 2 – Non-Grammar

ವ್ಯಾಕರಣೇತರ ವಿಭಾಗ

ಪಾಠ 17

Para-jumbled sentences (PQRS)

ಪ್ಯಾರಾ-ಜಂಬಲ್ಡ್ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು

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In this section a few sentences will be given in illogical order and you need to identify the correct order of the sentences.

ಈ ವಿಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ತರ್ಕಬದ್ಧವಲ್ಲದ ಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ನೀಡಲಾಗುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ನೀವು ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಕ್ರಮವನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿದೆ.

Types of questions

1. All 4 sentences will be given in illogical order and you need to choose the correct

order in options.

a) PQRS

2. Opening and closing sentence will be given by them. You need to arrange middle

sentences.

a) PQRS

3. All 4 sentences will be given in illogical order and they ask questions separately

like (mostly in banking exams)

a) Which is the first sentence in the sequence

b) Which is the second sentence in the sequence? etc

How to solve para-jumbled sentences

The best approach is by identifying compulsory pairs and following are the TRICKS you may use.

Approach-1 Using transition words

Transition words, also known as transition phrases or connectors, are words or phrases that establish connections and relationships between sentences, paragraphs, or ideas within a piece of writing or speech. They help to guide the reader or listener through the flow of information, indicating how one idea relates to another or how a sequence of events unfolds.

Transition words

ಗಳನ್ನು ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಲಿಂಕ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ Transition words

ಇರುವ ವಾಕ್ಯಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಂಚೆ ಒಂದು ವಾಕ್ಯ ಇರಲೇಬೇಕು.

Clue- the sentence which has transition word should come second in the sequesnce.

List of transition words

	TRANSITION WORDS IN ENGLISH
Emphasis	Addition
Undoubtedly Unquestionably Obviously Particularly in particular Especially Clearly Importantly Absolutely Definitely	Along with Apart from this Moreover Furthermore Also Too As well as that Besides In addition

Without a doubt Indeed It should be noted		Not only...but also In addition to this Additionally/ an additional
		TRANSITION WORDS IN ENGLISH
Contrast		Order
Unlike Nevertheless On the other hand Nonetheless Despite / in spite of In contrast (to) Contrary to Whereas Alternatively Conversely Even so Differing from		Following At this time Previously First/firstly Second/ secondly Third/thirdly Finally Subsequently Above all Before Last but not least First and foremost

Identify the correct order using transition words. A. At the same time, many new nations were coming into existence. B. The Olympics were one of the main ways in which these two nations competed.

Answer- BA (At the same time- transition word