Tenses Workbook — 12 Tenses Mastery
ಕಾಲಗಳ ಪುಸ್ತಕ — 12 ಕಾಲಗಳ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ
A complete bilingual workbook — every tense explained with formulas, positive & negative statements, Yes/No questions, Wh-questions, question tags and Kannada verb endings.
ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಕಾಲವೂ ಸೂತ್ರ, ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ಮತ್ತು ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು, ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳು, ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕನ್ನಡ ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ವಿವರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.
18Lessons
12Tenses
60+Formulas
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Part 1 · Basics
Lesson 1
Contractions — Short Forms
ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ರೂಪಗಳು
Contractions are shortened forms of words or phrases, used commonly in spoken English.
ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ರೂಪಗಳು ಪದ ಅಥವಾ ಪದಗುಚ್ಛಗಳ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ರೂಪಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಮಾತನಾಡುವ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
| # | Full Form | Short Form | # | Full Form | Short Form |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I am | I'm | 23 | It had | It'd |
| 2 | I have | I've | 24 | It will | It'll |
| 3 | I had | I'd | 25 | They are | They're |
| 4 | I will | I'll | 26 | They have | They've |
| 5 | We are | We're | 27 | They had | They'd |
| 6 | We have | We've | 28 | They will | They'll |
| 7 | We had | We'd | 29 | is not | isn't |
| 8 | We will | We'll | 30 | are not | aren't |
| 9 | You are | You're | 31 | have not | haven't |
| 10 | You have | You've | 32 | had not | hadn't |
| 11 | You had | You'd | 33 | do not | don't |
| 12 | You will | You'll | 34 | does not | doesn't |
| 13 | He is | He's | 35 | did not | didn't |
| 14 | He has | He's | 36 | can not | can't |
| 15 | He had | He'd | 37 | could not | couldn't |
| 16 | He will | He'll | 38 | will not | won't |
| 17 | She is | She's | 39 | would not | wouldn't |
| 18 | She has | She's | 40 | should not | shouldn't |
| 19 | She had | She'd | 41 | were not | weren't |
| 20 | She will | She'll | 42 | Who is | Who's |
| 21 | It is | It's | 43 | Who will | Who'll |
| 22 | It has | It's | 44 | What is | What's |
Contractions are more common in speaking than in formal writing.
ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ರೂಪಗಳು ಮಾತನಾಡುವಾಗ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಬಳಕೆಯಾಗುತ್ತವೆ, ಔಪಚಾರಿಕ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಡಿಮೆ.
Lesson 2
Tenses Overview — 12 Tenses
ಕಾಲಗಳ ಪರಿಚಯ — 12 ಕಾಲಗಳು
There are 3 main tenses — Present, Past and Future. Each main tense is divided into 4 sub-tenses, making 12 tenses in total.
ಒಟ್ಟು 3 ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾಲಗಳು — ವರ್ತಮಾನ, ಭೂತ, ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾಲವೂ 4 ಉಪ-ಕಾಲಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಭಾಗಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದೆ, ಹೀಗೆ ಒಟ್ಟು 12 ಕಾಲಗಳು.
| # | Main Tense | Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Present Tenseವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ | Present Simpleಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ವರ್ತಮಾನ | Present Continuousಮುಂದುವರಿದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ | Present Perfectಪೂರ್ಣ ವರ್ತಮಾನ | Present Perfect Continuousಪೂರ್ಣ-ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ |
| 2 | Past Tenseಭೂತ ಕಾಲ | Past Simpleಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಭೂತ | Past Continuousಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭೂತ | Past Perfectಪೂರ್ಣ ಭೂತ | Past Perfect Continuousಪೂರ್ಣ-ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭೂತ |
| 3 | Future Tenseಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ | Future Simpleಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ | Future Continuousಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ | Future Perfectಪೂರ್ಣ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ | Future Perfect Continuousಪೂರ್ಣ-ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ |
Helping Verb Chart — ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ ಕೋಷ್ಟಕ
| Main Tense | Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | do / does | am / is / are | have / has | have been / has been |
| Past | did | was / were | had | had been |
| Future | shall / will | shall be / will be | shall have / will have | shall have been / will have been |
Lesson 3
Symbols & Abbreviations
ಸಂಕೇತಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಕ್ಷೇಪಗಳು
Some short forms used in this book:
ಈ ಪುಸ್ತಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುವ ಕೆಲವು ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತ ರೂಪಗಳು:
| Symbol | Meaning | Kannada |
|---|---|---|
| S | Subject | ಕರ್ತೃ |
| V | Verb | ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ |
| O | Object | ಕರ್ಮಪದ |
| H.V | Helping Verb | ಸಹಾಯಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ |
| M.V | Main Verb | ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ |
| V1 | Present form of verb | ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ರೂಪ |
| V2 | Past form of verb | ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಭೂತಕಾಲ ರೂಪ |
| V3 | Past participle form | ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಕರ್ಮಮುಗಿದ ರೂಪ |
| V4 | Plural form of verb (V1 + s/es) | ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಬಹುವಚನ ರೂಪ |
| V5 | -ing form of verb (V1 + ing) | ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದ ಕಾರ್ಯಪರಗತಿ ರೂಪ |
| P | Place | ಸ್ಥಳ |
| T | Time | ಸಮಯ |
| R | Reason | ಕಾರಣ |
V1 → base form (write) · V2 → past (wrote) · V3 → past participle (written) · V4 → V1 + s/es (writes) · V5 → V1 + ing (writing)
V1 ಮೂಲ ರೂಪ · V2 ಭೂತ ರೂಪ · V3 ಕರ್ಮಮುಗಿದ ರೂಪ · V4 ಬಹುವಚನ ರೂಪ · V5 ಕಾರ್ಯಪರಗತಿ ರೂಪ.
Lesson 4
Wh-Question Words
Wh-ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಪದಗಳು
| # | Word | Pronunciation | Kannada |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | ವಾಟ್ | ಏನು? |
| 2 | When | ವೆನ್ | ಯಾವಾಗ? |
| 3 | Where | ವೇರ್ | ಎಲ್ಲಿ? |
| 4 | Why | ವಾಯ್ | ಏಕೆ? |
| 5 | Who | ಹೂ | ಯಾರು? |
| 6 | Whom | ಹೂಮ್ | ಯಾರಿಗೆ? |
| 7 | Whose | ಹೂಜ್ | ಯಾರದು? |
| 8 | Which | ವಿಚ್ | ಯಾವುದು? |
| 9 | How | ಹೌ | ಹೇಗೆ? |
| 10 | How many | ಹೌ ಮನಿ | ಎಷ್ಟು? (For countable) |
| 11 | How much | ಹೌ ಮಚ್ | ಎಷ್ಟು? (For uncountable) |
| 12 | How long | ಹೌ ಲಾಂಗ್ | ಎಷ್ಟು ದೂರ / ಎಷ್ಟು ಸಮಯ? |
Wh-words are used to form open-ended questions that cannot be answered with just "Yes" or "No".
Wh-ಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ ರೂಪಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗಳಿಗೆ "ಹೌದು" ಅಥವಾ "ಇಲ್ಲ" ಎಂದು ಉತ್ತರಿಸಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
Lesson 5
Pronouns
ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು
Pronouns replace nouns. They change form based on their role in the sentence.
ಸರ್ವನಾಮಗಳು ನಾಮಪದಗಳ ಬದಲಿಗೆ ಬರುತ್ತವೆ. ವಾಕ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವುಗಳ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ರೂಪ ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
| Person | Subjective | Objective | Possessive Adj. | Possessive Nominal | Reflexive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | I — ನಾನು | Me — ನನ್ನನ್ನು | My — ನನ್ನ | Mine — ನನ್ನದು | Myself — ನಾನೇ |
| 1st Plural | We — ನಾವು | Us — ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು | Our — ನಮ್ಮ | Ours — ನಮ್ಮದು | Ourselves — ನಾವೇ |
| 2nd Singular | You — ನೀನು | You — ನಿನ್ನನ್ನು | Your — ನಿನ್ನ | Yours — ನಿನ್ನದು | Yourself — ನೀನೇ |
| 2nd Plural | You — ನೀವು | You — ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನು | Your — ನಿಮ್ಮ | Yours — ನಿಮ್ಮದು | Yourselves — ನೀವೇ |
| 3rd Singular (M) | He — ಅವನು | Him — ಅವನನ್ನು | His — ಅವನ | His — ಅವನದು | Himself — ಅವನೇ |
| 3rd Singular (F) | She — ಅವಳು | Her — ಅವಳನ್ನು | Her — ಅವಳ | Hers — ಅವಳದು | Herself — ಅವಳೇ |
| 3rd Singular (N) | It — ಅದು | It — ಅದನ್ನು | Its — ಅದರ | Its — ಅದರದು | Itself — ಅದೇ |
| 3rd Plural | They — ಅವರು | Them — ಅವರನ್ನು | Their — ಅವರ | Theirs — ಅವರದು | Themselves — ಅವರುಗಳೇ |
Lesson 6
General Verbs — V1 to V5
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳು — V1 ರಿಂದ V5
| # | Meaning | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ತಿನ್ನು | eat | ate | eaten | eats | eating |
| 2 | ಕುಡಿ | drink | drank | drunk | drinks | drinking |
| 3 | ನೋಡು | see | saw | seen | sees | seeing |
| 4 | ಓಡು | run | ran | run | runs | running |
| 5 | ನಡೆ | walk | walked | walked | walks | walking |
| 6 | ಜಿಗಿ | jump | jumped | jumped | jumps | jumping |
| 7 | ಕುಣಿ | dance | danced | danced | dances | dancing |
| 8 | ಹೋಗು | go | went | gone | goes | going |
| 9 | ಬಾ | come | came | come | comes | coming |
| 10 | ಕೊಡು | give | gave | given | gives | giving |
| 11 | ಮಾಡು | do | did | done | does | doing |
| 12 | ಬೀಳು | fall | fell | fallen | falls | falling |
| 13 | ಆಟವಾಡು | play | played | played | plays | playing |
| 14 | ಒದೆ | kick | kicked | kicked | kicks | kicking |
| 15 | ಕತ್ತರಿಸು | cut | cut | cut | cuts | cutting |
| 16 | ಬರೆ | write | wrote | written | writes | writing |
| 17 | ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಳ್ಳು | sit | sat | sat | sits | sitting |
| 18 | ನಿಲ್ಲು | stand | stood | stood | stands | standing |
| 19 | ತೆರೆ | open | opened | opened | opens | opening |
| 20 | ಇಡು | keep | kept | kept | keeps | keeping |
Part 2 · Present Tenses
Lesson 7
Present Simple Tense
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + V1 / V4 + O | −ve: S + do/does + not + V1 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + V1/V4 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + do/does + not + V1 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + V1 / V4 + Obj | I write a letter. · He writes a letter. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + do/does + not + V1 + Obj | I do not write a letter. · He does not write a letter. |
| Positive Question | Do/Does + Sub + V1 + Obj? | Do I write a letter? · Does he write a letter? |
| Negative Question | Don't/Doesn't + Sub + V1 + Obj? | Don't I write a letter? · Doesn't he write a letter? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + do/does + Sub + V1 + Obj? | When do I write a letter? · When does he write a letter? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + don't/doesn't + Sub + V1 + Obj? | When don't I write a letter? · When doesn't he write a letter? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: I write a letter. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ.
- +ve: He writes a letter. ಅವನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ.
- −ve: I do not write a letter. ನಾನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: He does not write a letter. ಅವನು ಒಂದು ಪತ್ರ ಬರೆಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Do I write a letter? → Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
- +ve?: Does he write a letter? → Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
- −ve?: Don't I write a letter? → No, I don't write a letter.
- −ve?: Doesn't he write a letter? → No, he doesn't write a letter.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: When do I write a letter?
- +ve?: When does he write a letter?
- −ve?: When don't I write a letter?
- −ve?: When doesn't he write a letter?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ತ್ತೇನೆ | ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ. |
| We | −ತ್ತೇವೆ | ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ. |
| You (sing.) | −ತ್ತಿ | ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿ. |
| You (pl.) | −ತ್ತೀರಿ | ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೀರಿ. |
| He | −ತ್ತಾನೆ | ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ. |
| She | −ತ್ತಾಳೆ | ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ. |
| It | −ತ್ತದೆ | ಅದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. |
| They (m/f) | −ತ್ತಾರೆ | ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. |
| They (n) | −ತ್ತವೆ | ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತವೆ. |
We can add question tags to a statement to make it a question. Use a negative tag for a positive statement and a positive tag for a negative statement.
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್, ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ವಾಕ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ ಬಳಸಿ.
- He writes a letter, doesn't he?
- He does not write a letter, does he?
Lesson 8
Present Continuous Tense
ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + am/is/are + V5 + O | −ve: S + am/is/are + not + V5 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + am/is/are + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + am/is/are + not + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + am/is/are + V5 + Obj | I am working now. · He is working now. · We are working now. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + am/is/are + not + V5 + Obj | I am not working now. · He is not working now. · We are not working now. |
| Positive Question | Am/Is/Are + Sub + V5 + Obj? | Am I working now? · Is he working now? · Are we working now? |
| Negative Question | Am/Is/Are + Sub + not + V5 + Obj? | Am I not working now? · Is he not working now? · Are we not working now? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + am/is/are + Sub + V5 + Obj? | How am I working now? · Where is he working now? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + am/is/are + Sub + not + V5 + Obj? | Why aren't we working now? · Why isn't he working now? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: I am working now. ನಾನು ಈಗ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ.
- +ve: He is working now. ಅವನು ಈಗ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾನೆ.
- +ve: We are working now. ನಾವು ಈಗ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ.
- −ve: I am not working now. ನಾನು ಈಗ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: He is not working now. ಅವನು ಈಗ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: We are not working now. ನಾವು ಈಗ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Am I working now? → Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
- +ve?: Is he working now? → Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.
- +ve?: Are we working now? → Yes, we are. / No, we aren't.
- −ve?: Am I not working now? → No, I am not working now.
- −ve?: Is he not working now? → No, he is not working now.
- −ve?: Are we not working now? → No, we are not working now.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: How am I working now?
- −ve?: Why aren't we working now?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ | ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ. |
| We | −ತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ | ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ. |
| You (sing.) | −ತ್ತಿದ್ದೀಯ | ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದೀಯ. |
| You (pl.) | −ತ್ತಿದ್ದೀರಿ | ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದೀರಿ. |
| He | −ತ್ತಿದ್ದಾನೆ | ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾನೆ. |
| She | −ತ್ತಿದ್ದಾಳೆ | ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾಳೆ. |
| It | −ತ್ತಿದೆ | ಅದು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ. |
| They (m/f) | −ತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ | ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. |
| They (n) | −ತ್ತಿವೆ | ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿವೆ. |
Question tags: He is working now, isn't he? · We are not working, are we?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ಅವನು ಈಗ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾನೆ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ನಾವು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 9
Present Perfect Tense
ಪೂರ್ಣ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + have/has + V3 + O | −ve: S + have/has + not + V3 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + have/has + V3 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + have/has + not + V3 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + have/has + V3 + Obj | I have eaten my breakfast. · She has eaten her breakfast. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + have/has + not + V3 + Obj | I have not eaten my breakfast. · She has not eaten her breakfast. |
| Positive Question | Have/Has + Sub + V3 + Obj? | Have I eaten my breakfast? · Has she eaten her breakfast? |
| Negative Question | Haven't/Hasn't + Sub + V3 + Obj? | Haven't I eaten my breakfast? · Hasn't she eaten her breakfast? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + have/has + Sub + V3 + Obj? | When have I eaten my breakfast? · When has she eaten her breakfast? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + haven't/hasn't + Sub + V3 + Obj? | When haven't I eaten my breakfast? · When hasn't she eaten her breakfast? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: I have eaten my breakfast. ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಉಪಹಾರ ತಿಂದಿದ್ದೇನೆ.
- +ve: She has eaten her breakfast. ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಉಪಹಾರ ತಿಂದಿದ್ದಾಳೆ.
- −ve: I have not eaten my breakfast. ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಉಪಹಾರ ತಿನ್ನಲಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: She has not eaten her breakfast. ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಉಪಹಾರ ತಿನ್ನಲಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Have I eaten my breakfast? → Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
- +ve?: Has she eaten her breakfast? → Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
- −ve?: Haven't I eaten my breakfast? → No, I haven't eaten my breakfast.
- −ve?: Hasn't she eaten her breakfast? → No, she hasn't eaten her breakfast.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: When have I eaten my breakfast?
- +ve?: When has she eaten her breakfast?
- −ve?: When haven't I eaten my breakfast?
- −ve?: When hasn't she eaten her breakfast?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ದ್ದೇನೆ | ನಾನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇನೆ. |
| We | −ದ್ದೇವೆ | ನಾವು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇವೆ. |
| You (sing.) | −ದ್ದೀಯ | ನೀನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೀಯ. |
| You (pl.) | −ದ್ದೀರಿ | ನೀವು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೀರಿ. |
| He | −ದ್ದಾನೆ | ಅವನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾನೆ. |
| She | −ದ್ದಾಳೆ | ಅವಳು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾಳೆ. |
| It | −ದೆ | ಅದು ಬರೆದಿದೆ. |
| They (m/f) | −ದ್ದಾರೆ | ಅವರು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. |
| They (n) | −ದ್ದಾವೆ / −ಇವೆ | ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾವೆ. |
Question tags: I have eaten my breakfast, haven't I? · She hasn't eaten her breakfast, has she?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ನಾನು ಉಪಹಾರ ತಿಂದಿದ್ದೇನೆ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ಅವಳು ಉಪಹಾರ ತಿನ್ನಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 10
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
ಪೂರ್ಣ-ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ವರ್ತಮಾನ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + have/has + been + V5 + O | −ve: S + have/has + not + been + V5 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + have/has + been + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + have/has + not + been + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + have/has + been + V5 + Obj | We have been doing this work. · Ravi has been doing this work. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + have/has + not + been + V5 + Obj | We have not been doing this work. · Ravi has not been doing this work. |
| Positive Question | Have/Has + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | Have we been doing this work? · Has Ravi been doing this work? |
| Negative Question | Haven't/Hasn't + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | Haven't we been doing this work? · Hasn't Ravi been doing this work? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + have/has + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | How have we been doing this work? · How has Ravi been doing this work? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + haven't/hasn't + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | How haven't we been doing this work? · How hasn't Ravi been doing this work? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: We have been doing this work. ನಾವು ಈ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇವೆ.
- +ve: Ravi has been doing this work. ರವಿ ಈ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ.
- −ve: We have not been doing this work. ನಾವು ಈ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಇಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: Ravi has not been doing this work. ರವಿ ಈ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಇಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Have we been doing this work? → Yes, we have been. / No, we haven't been.
- +ve?: Has Ravi been doing this work? → Yes, Ravi has been. / No, Ravi hasn't been.
- −ve?: Haven't we been doing this work? → No, we haven't been doing this work.
- −ve?: Hasn't Ravi been doing this work? → No, Ravi hasn't been doing this work.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: How have we been doing this work?
- +ve?: How has Ravi been doing this work?
- −ve?: How haven't we been doing this work?
- −ve?: How hasn't Ravi been doing this work?
Part 3 · Past Tenses
Lesson 11
Past Simple Tense
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + V2 + O | −ve: S + did + not + V1 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + V2 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + did + not + V1 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + V2 + Obj | They went to Bangalore. · She went to Bangalore. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + did + not + V1 + Obj | They did not go to Bangalore. · She did not go to Bangalore. |
| Positive Question | Did + Sub + V1 + Obj? | Did they go to Bangalore? · Did she go to Bangalore? |
| Negative Question | Didn't + Sub + V1 + Obj? | Didn't they go to Bangalore? · Didn't she go to Bangalore? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + did + Sub + V1 + Obj? | When did they go to Bangalore? · When did she go to Bangalore? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + didn't + Sub + V1 + Obj? | When didn't they go to Bangalore? · When didn't she go to Bangalore? |
In the negative and question forms, V2 changes back to V1 because did already carries the past tense.
ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಶ್ನಾ ರೂಪಗಳಲ್ಲಿ V2 ಮತ್ತೆ V1 ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ — ಏಕೆಂದರೆ "did" ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಭೂತಕಾಲವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: They went to Bangalore. ಅವರು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋದರು.
- +ve: She went to Bangalore. ಅವಳು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋದಳು.
- −ve: They did not go to Bangalore. ಅವರು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: She did not go to Bangalore. ಅವಳು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Did they go to Bangalore? → Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.
- +ve?: Did she go to Bangalore? → Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
- −ve?: Didn't they go to Bangalore? → No, they didn't go to Bangalore.
- −ve?: Didn't she go to Bangalore? → No, she didn't go to Bangalore.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: When did they go to Bangalore?
- +ve?: When did she go to Bangalore?
- −ve?: When didn't they go to Bangalore?
- −ve?: When didn't she go to Bangalore?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ದೆ | ನಾನು ಬರೆದೆ. |
| We | −ದೆವು | ನಾವು ಬರೆದೆವು. |
| You (sing.) | −ದಿ | ನೀನು ಬರೆದಿ. |
| You (pl.) | −ದಿರಿ | ನೀವು ಬರೆದಿರಿ. |
| He | −ದನು | ಅವನು ಬರೆದನು. |
| She | −ದಳು | ಅವಳು ಬರೆದಳು. |
| It | −ದಿತು / −ಇತ್ತು | ಅದು ಬರೆಯಿತು. |
| They (m/f) | −ದರು | ಅವರು ಬರೆದರು. |
| They (n) | −ದವು | ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆದವು. |
Question tags: They went to Bangalore, didn't they? · She did not go to Bangalore, did she?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ಅವರು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋದರು, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ಅವಳು ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 12
Past Continuous Tense
ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + was/were + V5 + O | −ve: S + was/were + not + V5 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + was/were + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + was/were + not + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + was/were + V5 + Obj | He was sleeping on the bed. · You were sleeping on the bed. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + was/were + not + V5 + Obj | He was not sleeping on the bed. · You were not sleeping on the bed. |
| Positive Question | Was/Were + Sub + V5 + Obj? | Was he sleeping on the bed? · Were you sleeping on the bed? |
| Negative Question | Wasn't/Weren't + Sub + V5 + Obj? | Wasn't he sleeping on the bed? · Weren't you sleeping on the bed? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + was/were + Sub + V5 + Obj? | How long was he sleeping on the bed? · How long were you sleeping on the bed? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + wasn't/weren't + Sub + V5 + Obj? | How long wasn't he sleeping on the bed? · How long weren't you sleeping on the bed? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: He was sleeping on the bed. ಅವನು ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಲಗುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದನು.
- +ve: You were sleeping on the bed. ನೀನು ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಲಗುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೆ.
- −ve: He was not sleeping on the bed. ಅವನು ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಲಗುತ್ತಾ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: You were not sleeping on the bed. ನೀನು ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಲಗುತ್ತಾ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Was he sleeping on the bed? → Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't.
- +ve?: Were you sleeping on the bed? → Yes, you were. / No, you weren't.
- −ve?: Wasn't he sleeping on the bed? → No, he wasn't sleeping on the bed.
- −ve?: Weren't you sleeping on the bed? → No, you weren't sleeping on the bed.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: How long was he sleeping on the bed?
- +ve?: How long were you sleeping on the bed?
- −ve?: How long wasn't he sleeping on the bed?
- −ve?: How long weren't you sleeping on the bed?
Question tags: He was sleeping on the bed, wasn't he? · You were not sleeping on the bed, were you?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ಅವನು ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಲಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದನು, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ನೀನು ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಲಗುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 13
Past Perfect Tense
ಪೂರ್ಣ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + had + V3 + O | −ve: S + had + not + V3 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + had + V3 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + had + not + V3 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + had + V3 + Obj | We had completed our work. · Ravi had completed his work. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + had + not + V3 + Obj | We had not completed our work. · Ravi had not completed his work. |
| Positive Question | Had + Sub + V3 + Obj? | Had we completed our work? · Had Ravi completed his work? |
| Negative Question | Hadn't + Sub + V3 + Obj? | Hadn't we completed our work? · Hadn't Ravi completed his work? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + had + Sub + V3 + Obj? | How had we completed our work? · How had Ravi completed his work? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + hadn't + Sub + V3 + Obj? | How hadn't we completed our work? · How hadn't Ravi completed his work? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: We had completed our work. ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿದ್ದೆವು.
- +ve: Ravi had completed his work. ರವಿ ತನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿದ್ದನು.
- −ve: We had not completed our work. ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: Ravi had not completed his work. ರವಿ ತನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Had we completed our work? → Yes, we had. / No, we hadn't.
- +ve?: Had Ravi completed his work? → Yes, Ravi had. / No, Ravi hadn't.
- −ve?: Hadn't we completed our work? → No, we hadn't completed our work.
- −ve?: Hadn't Ravi completed his work? → No, Ravi hadn't completed his work.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: How had we completed our work?
- +ve?: How had Ravi completed his work?
- −ve?: How hadn't we completed our work?
- −ve?: How hadn't Ravi completed his work?
Question tags: We had completed our work, hadn't we? · Ravi had not completed his work, had he?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕೆಲಸ ಮುಗಿಸಿದ್ದೆವು, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ರವಿ ತನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸ ಮುಗಿಸಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 14
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
ಪೂರ್ಣ-ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭೂತ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + had + been + V5 + O | −ve: S + had + not + been + V5 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + had + been + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + had + not + been + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + had + been + V5 + Obj | They had been waiting for bus. · She had been waiting for bus. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + had + not + been + V5 + Obj | They had not been waiting for bus. · She had not been waiting for bus. |
| Positive Question | Had + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | Had they been waiting for bus? · Had she been waiting for bus? |
| Negative Question | Hadn't + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | Hadn't they been waiting for bus? · Hadn't she been waiting for bus? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + had + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | Where had they been waiting for bus? · Where had she been waiting for bus? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + hadn't + Sub + been + V5 + Obj? | Where hadn't they been waiting for bus? · Where hadn't she been waiting for bus? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: They had been waiting for bus. ಅವರು ಬಸ್ಸಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದರು.
- +ve: She had been waiting for bus. ಅವಳು ಬಸ್ಸಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಳು.
- −ve: They had not been waiting for bus. ಅವರು ಬಸ್ಸಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: She had not been waiting for bus. ಅವಳು ಬಸ್ಸಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Had they been waiting for bus? → Yes, they had been. / No, they hadn't been.
- +ve?: Had she been waiting for bus? → Yes, she had been. / No, she hadn't been.
- −ve?: Hadn't they been waiting for bus? → No, they hadn't been waiting for bus.
- −ve?: Hadn't she been waiting for bus? → No, she hadn't been waiting for bus.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: Where had they been waiting for bus?
- +ve?: Where had she been waiting for bus?
- −ve?: Where hadn't they been waiting for bus?
- −ve?: Where hadn't she been waiting for bus?
Question tags: They had been waiting for bus, hadn't they? · She had not been waiting for bus, had she?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ಅವರು ಬಸ್ಸಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ಅವಳು ಬಸ್ಸಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Part 4 · Future Tenses
Lesson 15
Future Simple Tense
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + shall/will + V1 + O | −ve: S + shall/will + not + V1 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + V1 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + not + V1 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + shall/will + V1 + Obj | I shall pay the bill. · She will pay the bill. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + shall/will + not + V1 + Obj | I shall not pay the bill. · She will not pay the bill. |
| Positive Question | Shall/Will + Sub + V1 + Obj? | Shall I pay the bill? · Will she pay the bill? |
| Negative Question | Shall/Will + Sub + not + V1 + Obj? | Shall I not pay the bill? · Will she not pay the bill? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + V1 + Obj? | When shall I pay the bill? · When will she pay the bill? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + not + V1 + Obj? | When shall I not pay the bill? · When will she not pay the bill? |
Shall is used with I, We. Will is used with You, He, She, It, They.
Shall ಅನ್ನು I, We ಜೊತೆಗೆ · Will ಅನ್ನು You, He, She, It, They ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: I shall pay the bill. ನಾನು ಬಿಲ್ ಕೊಡುವೆನು.
- +ve: She will pay the bill. ಅವಳು ಬಿಲ್ ಕೊಡುವಳು.
- −ve: I shall not pay the bill. ನಾನು ಬಿಲ್ ಕೊಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: She will not pay the bill. ಅವಳು ಬಿಲ್ ಕೊಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Shall I pay the bill? → Yes, I shall. / No, I shall not.
- +ve?: Will she pay the bill? → Yes, she will. / No, she won't.
- −ve?: Shall I not pay the bill? → No, I shall not pay the bill.
- −ve?: Will she not pay the bill? → No, she won't pay the bill.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: When shall I pay the bill?
- +ve?: When will she pay the bill?
- −ve?: When shall I not pay the bill?
- −ve?: When will she not pay the bill?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ವೆನು | ನಾನು ಬರೆಯುವೆನು. |
| We | −ವೆವು | ನಾವು ಬರೆಯುವೆವು. |
| You (sing.) | −ಯುವಿ / −ವಿ | ನೀನು ಬರೆಯುವಿ. |
| You (pl.) | −ವಿರಿ | ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುವಿರಿ. |
| He | −ವನು | ಅವನು ಬರೆಯುವನು. |
| She | −ವಳು | ಅವಳು ಬರೆಯುವಳು. |
| It | −ವದು | ಅದು ಬರೆಯುವುದು. |
| They (m/f) | −ವರು | ಅವರು ಬರೆಯುವರು. |
| They (n) | −ವವು | ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆಯುವವು. |
Question tags: I shall pay the bill, shall I not? · She will not pay the bill, will she?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ನಾನು ಬಿಲ್ ಕೊಡುವೆನು, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ಅವಳು ಬಿಲ್ ಕೊಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 16
Future Continuous Tense
ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + shall/will + be + V5 + O | −ve: S + shall/will + not + be + V5 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + be + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + not + be + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + shall/will + be + V5 + Obj | I will be travelling to Mysore. · Ravi will be travelling to Mysore. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + shall/will + not + be + V5 + Obj | I will not be travelling to Mysore. · Ravi will not be travelling to Mysore. |
| Positive Question | Shall/Will + Sub + be + V5 + Obj? | Will I be travelling to Mysore? · Will Ravi be travelling to Mysore? |
| Negative Question | Shall/Will + Sub + not be + V5 + Obj? | Will I not be travelling to Mysore? · Will Ravi not be travelling to Mysore? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + be + V5 + Obj? | How will I be travelling to Mysore? · How will Ravi be travelling to Mysore? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + not be + V5 + Obj? | Why will I not be travelling to Mysore? · Why will Ravi not be travelling to Mysore? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: I will be travelling to Mysore. ನಾನು ಮೈಸೂರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಸುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವೆನು.
- +ve: Ravi will be travelling to Mysore. ರವಿ ಮೈಸೂರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಸುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವನು.
- −ve: I will not be travelling to Mysore. ನಾನು ಮೈಸೂರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಸುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: Ravi will not be travelling to Mysore. ರವಿ ಮೈಸೂರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಸುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Will I be travelling to Mysore? → Yes, I will be. / No, I won't be.
- +ve?: Will Ravi be travelling to Mysore? → Yes, Ravi will be. / No, Ravi won't be.
- −ve?: Will I not be travelling to Mysore? → No, I won't be travelling to Mysore.
- −ve?: Will Ravi not be travelling to Mysore? → No, Ravi won't be travelling to Mysore.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: How will I be travelling to Mysore?
- +ve?: How will Ravi be travelling to Mysore?
- −ve?: Why will I not be travelling to Mysore?
- −ve?: Why will Ravi not be travelling to Mysore?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ತಿರುಪೆನು | ನಾನು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುಪೆನು. |
| We | −ತಿರುಪೆವು | ನಾವು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುಪೆವು. |
| You (sing.) | −ತಿರುಪಿ | ನೀನು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುಪಿ. |
| You (pl.) | −ತಿರುಪಿರಿ | ನೀವು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುಪಿರಿ. |
| He | −ತಿರುವನು | ಅವನು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುವನು. |
| She | −ತಿರುವಳು | ಅವಳು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುವಳು. |
| It | −ತಿರುವದು | ಅದು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುವದು. |
| They (m/f) | −ತಿರುವರು | ಅವರು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುವರು. |
| They (n) | −ತಿರುವವು | ಅವುಗಳು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುವವು. |
Question tags: I will be travelling to Mysore, won't I? · Ravi will not be travelling to Mysore, will he?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ನಾನು ಮೈಸೂರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಸುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತೇನೆ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ರವಿ ಮೈಸೂರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 17
Future Perfect Tense
ಪೂರ್ಣ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + shall/will + have + V3 + O | −ve: S + shall/will + not + have + V3 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + have + V3 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + not + have + V3 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + shall/will + have + V3 + Obj | We will have finished our work. · She will have finished her work. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + shall/will + not + have + V3 + Obj | We will not have finished our work. · She will not have finished her work. |
| Positive Question | Shall/Will + Sub + have + V3 + Obj? | Will we have finished our work? · Will she have finished her work? |
| Negative Question | Shall/Will + Sub + not have + V3 + Obj? | Will we not have finished our work? · Will she not have finished her work? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + have + V3 + Obj? | How will we have finished our work? · How will she have finished her work? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + not have + V3 + Obj? | How will we not have finished our work? · How will she not have finished her work? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: We will have finished our work. ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿರುವೆವು.
- +ve: She will have finished her work. ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿರುವಳು.
- −ve: We will not have finished our work. ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: She will not have finished her work. ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಮುಗಿಸಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Will we have finished our work? → Yes, we will have. / No, we won't have.
- +ve?: Will she have finished her work? → Yes, she will have. / No, she won't have.
- −ve?: Will we not have finished our work? → No, we won't have finished our work.
- −ve?: Will she not have finished her work? → No, she won't have finished her work.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: How will we have finished our work?
- +ve?: How will she have finished her work?
- −ve?: How will we not have finished our work?
- −ve?: How will she not have finished her work?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ಇರುವೆನು | ನಾನು ಬರೆದಿರುವೆನು. |
| We | −ಇರುವೆವು | ನಾವು ಬರೆದಿರುವೆವು. |
| You (sing.) | −ಇರುವಿ | ನೀನು ಬರೆದಿರುವಿ. |
| You (pl.) | −ಇರುವಿರಿ | ನೀವು ಬರೆದಿರುವಿರಿ. |
| He | −ಇರುವನು | ಅವನು ಬರೆದಿರುವನು. |
| She | −ಇರುವಳು | ಅವಳು ಬರೆದಿರುವಳು. |
| It | −ಇರುವದು | ಅದು ಬರೆದಿರುವದು. |
| They (m/f) | −ಇರುವರು | ಅವರು ಬರೆದಿರುವರು. |
| They (n) | −ಇರುವವು | ಅವುಗಳು ಬರೆದಿರುವವು. |
Question tags: We will have finished our work, won't we? · She will not have finished her work, will she?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕೆಲಸ ಮುಗಿಸಿರುತ್ತೇವೆ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ಅವಳು ತನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸ ಮುಗಿಸಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Lesson 18
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
ಪೂರ್ಣ-ಮುಂದುವರಿದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್ ಕಾಲ
+ve: S + shall/will + have been + V5 + O | −ve: S + shall/will + not + have been + V5 + O
ಧನಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + have been + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ · ಋಣಾತ್ಮಕ: ಕರ್ತೃ + shall/will + not + have been + V5 + ಕರ್ಮ
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Statement | Sub + shall/will + have been + V5 + Obj | I will have been learning English. · He will have been learning English. |
| Negative Statement | Sub + shall/will + not + have been + V5 + Obj | I will not have been learning English. · He will not have been learning English. |
| Positive Question | Shall/Will + Sub + have been + V5 + Obj? | Will I have been learning English? · Will he have been learning English? |
| Negative Question | Shall/Will + Sub + not have been + V5 + Obj? | Will I not have been learning English? · Will he not have been learning English? |
| Wh-Question (+ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + have been + V5 + Obj? | Where will I have been learning English? · Where will he have been learning English? |
| Wh-Question (−ve) | Wh + shall/will + Sub + not have been + V5 + Obj? | Where will I not have been learning English? · Where will he not have been learning English? |
Example Sentences
A) Positive & Negative Statements:
- +ve: I will have been learning English. ನಾನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವೆನು.
- +ve: He will have been learning English. ಅವನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವನು.
- −ve: I will not have been learning English. ನಾನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
- −ve: He will not have been learning English. ಅವನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
B) Yes / No Questions:
- +ve?: Will I have been learning English? → Yes, I will have been. / No, I won't have been.
- +ve?: Will he have been learning English? → Yes, he will have been. / No, he won't have been.
- −ve?: Will I not have been learning English? → No, I won't have been learning English.
- −ve?: Will he not have been learning English? → No, he won't have been learning English.
C) Wh-Questions:
- +ve?: Where will I have been learning English?
- +ve?: Where will he have been learning English?
- −ve?: Where will I not have been learning English?
- −ve?: Where will he not have been learning English?
Kannada Verb Endings — ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಗಳು
| Pronoun | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| I | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸು | ನಾನು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವೆನು. |
| We | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವು | ನಾವು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವೆವು. |
| You (sing.) | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಿ | ನೀನು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವಿ. |
| You (pl.) | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಿರಿ | ನೀವು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವಿರಿ. |
| He | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸು | ಅವನು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವನು. |
| She | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸು | ಅವಳು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವಳು. |
| It | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸು | ಅದು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವದು. |
| They (m/f) | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸು | ಅವರು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವರು. |
| They (n) | −ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವು | ಅವುಗಳು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾ ಇರುವವು. |
Question tags: I will have been learning English, won't I? · He will not have been learning English, will he?
ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಟ್ಯಾಗ್ಗಳು: ನಾನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತೇನೆ, ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? · ಅವನು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಹೌದೇ?
Summary
All 12 Tenses — Master Chart
ಎಲ್ಲಾ 12 ಕಾಲಗಳು — ಸಮಗ್ರ ಕೋಷ್ಟಕ
| Tense | Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | S + V1/V4 + O | S + do/does + not + V1 + O | Do/Does + S + V1 + O? |
| Present Continuous | S + am/is/are + V5 + O | S + am/is/are + not + V5 + O | Am/Is/Are + S + V5 + O? |
| Present Perfect | S + have/has + V3 + O | S + have/has + not + V3 + O | Have/Has + S + V3 + O? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | S + have/has + been + V5 + O | S + have/has + not + been + V5 + O | Have/Has + S + been + V5 + O? |
| Past Simple | S + V2 + O | S + did + not + V1 + O | Did + S + V1 + O? |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V5 + O | S + was/were + not + V5 + O | Was/Were + S + V5 + O? |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 + O | S + had + not + V3 + O | Had + S + V3 + O? |
| Past Perfect Continuous | S + had + been + V5 + O | S + had + not + been + V5 + O | Had + S + been + V5 + O? |
| Future Simple | S + shall/will + V1 + O | S + shall/will + not + V1 + O | Shall/Will + S + V1 + O? |
| Future Continuous | S + shall/will + be + V5 + O | S + shall/will + not + be + V5 + O | Shall/Will + S + be + V5 + O? |
| Future Perfect | S + shall/will + have + V3 + O | S + shall/will + not + have + V3 + O | Shall/Will + S + have + V3 + O? |
| Future Perfect Continuous | S + shall/will + have been + V5 + O | S + shall/will + not + have been + V5 + O | Shall/Will + S + have been + V5 + O? |
Practice tip: Write each formula 3 times, understand it, and remember it perfectly. These 12 tense formulas are the foundation of all English grammar and communication.
ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನೂ 3 ಬಾರಿ ಬರೆಯಿರಿ, ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ, ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ನೆನಪಿಡಿ. ಈ 12 ಕಾಲ ಸೂತ್ರಗಳು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂವಹನದ ಅಡಿಪಾಯ.